Clostridium perfringens JCM 3817 is a bacterium that produces toxins and was isolated from Intestinal contents of lamb.
toxin production genome sequence 16S sequence Bacteria| @ref 20215 |
Last LPSN update
2026-02-09 11:39:57 |
| Domain Bacteria |
| Phylum Bacillota |
| Class Clostridia |
| Order Eubacteriales |
| Family Clostridiaceae |
| Genus Clostridium |
| Species Clostridium perfringens |
| Full scientific name Clostridium perfringens (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Hauduroy et al. 1937 (Approved Lists 1980) |
| Synonyms (2) |
| 67770 | Sample typeIntestinal contents of lamb |
Global distribution of 16S sequence AB588015 (>99% sequence identity) for Clostridium perfringens subclade from Microbeatlas 
 Aquatic Samples |
8762 |
 Soil Samples |
3063 |
 Animal Samples |
75654 |
 Plant Samples |
847 |
| Total Samples | 88326 |
| @ref | Description | Assembly level | INSDC accession | BV-BRC accession | IMG accession | NCBI tax ID | Score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 66792 | ASM2939323v1 assembly for Clostridium perfringens B ATCC 3626 | complete | GCA_029393235   | 451751.6  | 451751 | 92.87 |  | |
| 67770 | ASM17115v1 assembly for Clostridium perfringens B str. ATCC 3626 | contig | GCA_000171155 | 451754.5 | 641736146  | 451754 | 54.15 |
| @ref | Description | Accession | Length | Database | NCBI tax ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 67770 | Clostridium perfringens gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: JCM 3817 | AB588015 | 1474 | | 1502 |
| Topic | Title | Authors | Journal | DOI | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetics | Probing Genomic Aspects of the Multi-Host Pathogen Clostridium perfringens Reveals Significant Pangenome Diversity, and a Diverse Array of Virulence Factors. | Kiu R, Caim S, Alexander S, Pachori P, Hall LJ. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02485 | 2017 | |
| Functional analysis of neutralizing antibodies against Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin. | McClain MS, Cover TL. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.01643-06 | 2007 | | |
| Demonstration of phage inhibitory action against Clostridium perfringens LMG 11264 within a complex chicken cecal microbiota in vitro. | Wiese M, Klaassens ES, Hatt V, Kreikamp A, Baak ML, Heerikhuisen M, Van Der Vossen JMBM. | Front Antibiot | 10.3389/frabi.2025.1599939 | 2025 | | |
| Anti-infective properties of bacteriocins: an update. | Hammami R, Fernandez B, Lacroix C, Fliss I. | Cell Mol Life Sci | 10.1007/s00018-012-1202-3 | 2013 | | |
| Genetics | Prevalence and toxin gene profiles of Clostridium perfringens in diarrheic dogs and cats in Korea: a retrospective analysis. | Park J, Cheon D, Oh YI. | J Vet Sci | 10.4142/jvs.24361 | 2025 | |
| Identification of a new Clostridium perfringens variant with a chromosomally encoded enterotoxin gene in a suspected persistent food poisoning outbreak in Eritrea. | Lahti P, Jaakkola K, Horman A, Heikinheimo A, Sovijarvi A, Korkeala H. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1459840 | 2024 | | |
| Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in Wild Mammals in the Amazon Biome. | Oliveira HGDS, Sousa AIJ, Zanon IP, Lopes CTA, Silva ROS, Domingues SFS, Salvarani FM. | Animals (Basel) | 10.3390/ani14091333 | 2024 | | |
| Phylogeny | Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from mastitis and enteritis in Egyptian dairy farms. | Abo Elyazeed H, Elhariri M, Eldeen NE, Aziz DA, Elhelw R. | BMC Microbiol | 10.1186/s12866-024-03260-1 | 2024 | |
| Exploring the predictive power of jejunal microbiome composition in clinical and subclinical necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens: insights from a broiler chicken model. | Gautam H, Ayalew LE, Shaik NA, Subhasinghe I, Popowich S, Chow-Lockerbie B, Dixon A, Ahmed KA, Tikoo SK, Gomis S. | J Transl Med | 10.1186/s12967-023-04728-w | 2024 | | |
| Clostridium perfringens Associated with Foodborne Infections of Animal Origins: Insights into Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, Toxin Genes Profiles, and Toxinotypes. | Bendary MM, Abd El-Hamid MI, El-Tarabili RM, Hefny AA, Algendy RM, Elzohairy NA, Ghoneim MM, Al-Sanea MM, Nahari MH, Moustafa WH. | Biology (Basel) | 10.3390/biology11040551 | 2022 | | |
| Identifying the Basis for VirS/VirR Two-Component Regulatory System Control of Clostridium perfringens Beta-Toxin Production. | Mehdizadeh Gohari I, Li J, McClane BA. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.00279-21 | 2021 | | |
| Strain-resolved metagenomic analysis and qPCR validation suggest Clostridium cuniculi is the etiologic agent for infectious diarrhea in severely immunodeficient mice. | Barouch-Bentov R, Merrill BD, Reineking W, Moorhead R, Herberg de Alonso F, Fazel M, Uzal FA, Felt SA, Sonnenburg JL, Casey KM, Nagamine CM. | J Vet Diagn Invest | 10.1177/10406387251378688 | 2025 | | |
| Evaluation of candidate reference genes stability for gene expression analysis by reverse transcription qPCR in Clostridium perfringens. | Williams ML, Ghanem M. | Sci Rep | 10.1038/s41598-022-23804-7 | 2022 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Toxigenic Profile of Clostridium perfringens Strains Isolated from Natural Ingredient Laboratory Animal Diets. | Johnston MD, Whiteside TE, Allen ME, Kurtz DM. | Comp Med | 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000013 | 2022 | |
| Biotechnology | Rapid detection of Clostridium perfringens in food by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral flow biosensor. | Sridapan T, Tangkawsakul W, Janvilisri T, Kiatpathomchai W, Dangtip S, Ngamwongsatit N, Nacapricha D, Ounjai P, Chankhamhaengdecha S. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0245144 | 2021 | |
| Improved molecular detection of Neorickettsia risticii with a duplex real-time PCR assay in the diagnosis of Potomac horse fever. | Thirumalapura NR, Livengood J, Beeby J, Wang W, Goodrich EL, Goodman LB, Erol E, Tewari D. | J Vet Diagn Invest | 10.1177/10406387221135184 | 2023 | | |
| Battling Enteropathogenic Clostridia: Phage Therapy for Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens. | Venhorst J, van der Vossen JMBM, Agamennone V. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891790 | 2022 | | |
| Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Clostridium perfringens Isolates in Hospitalized Diarrheal Patients from Central China. | Wang B, Dong W, Ma L, Dong Y, Wang S, Yuan Y, Ma Q, Xu J, Yan W, Nan J, Zhang Q, Xu W, Ma B, Chu Y, Zhang J, Li L, Li Y. | Infect Drug Resist | 10.2147/idr.s338593 | 2021 | | |
| Phylogeny | The First Identification and Antibiogram of Clostridium perfringens Type C Isolated from Soil and The Feces of Dead Foals in South Korea. | Park CS, Hwang JY, Cho GJ. | Animals (Basel) | 10.3390/ani9080579 | 2019 | |
| Pathogenicity | Phylogenetic and genomic analysis reveals high genomic openness and genetic diversity of Clostridium perfringens. | Feng Y, Fan X, Zhu L, Yang X, Liu Y, Gao S, Jin X, Liu D, Ding J, Guo Y, Hu Y. | Microb Genom | 10.1099/mgen.0.000441 | 2020 | |
| Pseudocin 196, a novel lantibiotic produced by Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum elicits antimicrobial activity against clinically relevant pathogens. | Sanchez-Gallardo R, O'Connor PM, O'Neill IJ, McDonnell B, Lee C, Moore RL, McAuliffe FM, Cotter PD, van Sinderen D. | Gut Microbes | 10.1080/19490976.2024.2387139 | 2024 | | |
| Enzymology | Sensitive quantification of Clostridium perfringens in human feces by quantitative real-time PCR targeting alpha-toxin and enterotoxin genes. | Nagpal R, Ogata K, Tsuji H, Matsuda K, Takahashi T, Nomoto K, Suzuki Y, Kawashima K, Nagata S, Yamashiro Y. | BMC Microbiol | 10.1186/s12866-015-0561-y | 2015 | |
| Targeted Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Clostridium perfringens Toxins. | Duracova M, Klimentova J, Myslivcova Fucikova A, Zidkova L, Sheshko V, Rehulkova H, Dresler J, Krocova Z. | Toxins (Basel) | 10.3390/toxins11030177 | 2019 | | |
| Enzymology | Identification and Characterization of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Spp., Clostridium perfringens, and C. difficile Isolates from Reptiles in Brazil. | Ramos CP, Santana JA, Morcatti Coura F, Xavier RGC, Leal CAG, Oliveira Junior CA, Heinemann MB, Lage AP, Lobato FCF, Silva ROS. | Biomed Res Int | 10.1155/2019/9530732 | 2019 | |
| Enzymology | Isolation of Clostridium perfringens type B in an individual at first clinical presentation of multiple sclerosis provides clues for environmental triggers of the disease. | Rumah KR, Linden J, Fischetti VA, Vartanian T. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0076359 | 2013 | |
| Enzymology | Identification of an Important Orphan Histidine Kinase for the Initiation of Sporulation and Enterotoxin Production by Clostridium perfringens Type F Strain SM101. | Freedman JC, Li J, Mi E, McClane BA. | mBio | 10.1128/mbio.02674-18 | 2019 | |
| Pathogenicity | Oral Multiple Sclerosis Drugs Inhibit the In vitro Growth of Epsilon Toxin Producing Gut Bacterium, Clostridium perfringens. | Rumah KR, Vartanian TK, Fischetti VA. | Front Cell Infect Microbiol | 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00011 | 2017 | |
| Identification of novel pathogenicity loci in Clostridium perfringens strains that cause avian necrotic enteritis. | Lepp D, Roxas B, Parreira VR, Marri PR, Rosey EL, Gong J, Songer JG, Vedantam G, Prescott JF. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0010795 | 2010 | | |
| Global Phenotypic Characterization of Effects of Fluoroquinolone Resistance Selection on the Metabolic Activities and Drug Susceptibilities of Clostridium perfringens Strains. | Park M, Rafii F. | Int J Microbiol | 10.1155/2014/456979 | 2014 | | |
| Identification of accessory genome regions in poultry Clostridium perfringens isolates carrying the netB plasmid. | Lepp D, Gong J, Songer JG, Boerlin P, Parreira VR, Prescott JF. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.01032-12 | 2013 | | |
| Prevention and treatment of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin intoxication in mice with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (c4D7) produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. | Garcia JP, Beingesser J, Bohorov O, Bohorova N, Goodman C, Kim D, Pauly M, Velasco J, Whaley K, Zeitlin L, Roy CJ, Uzal FA. | Toxicon | 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.012 | 2014 | | |
| Large Clostridial Toxins: Mechanisms and Roles in Disease. | Orrell KE, Melnyk RA. | Microbiol Mol Biol Rev | 10.1128/mmbr.00064-21 | 2021 | | |
| Phylogeny | Characterization of virulence plasmid diversity among Clostridium perfringens type B isolates. | Sayeed S, Li J, McClane BA. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00838-09 | 2010 | |
| Metabolism | Oligomerization of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin is dependent upon caveolins 1 and 2. | Fennessey CM, Sheng J, Rubin DH, McClain MS. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0046866 | 2012 | |
| Characterization of Microbial Communities in a Dairy Farm Matrix in Ningxia, China, by 16S rDNA Analysis. | Zhang W, Li W, Ma C, Wu X, Li X, Zeng J, Deng G, Wang Y. | Int J Genomics | 10.1155/2019/3827360 | 2019 | | |
| Metabolism | Clostridium perfringens Sporulation and Sporulation-Associated Toxin Production. | Li J, Paredes-Sabja D, Sarker MR, McClane BA. | Microbiol Spectr | 10.1128/microbiolspec.tbs-0022-2015 | 2016 | |
| Enzymology | Prophage carriage and diversity within clinically relevant strains of Clostridium difficile. | Shan J, Patel KV, Hickenbotham PT, Nale JY, Hargreaves KR, Clokie MR. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.01311-12 | 2012 | |
| Genetics | Comparative genomics of VirR regulons in Clostridium perfringens strains. | Frandi A, Mengoni A, Brilli M. | BMC Microbiol | 10.1186/1471-2180-10-65 | 2010 | |
| Enzymology | Lytic enzyme discovery through multigenomic sequence analysis in Clostridium perfringens. | Schmitz JE, Ossiprandi MC, Rumah KR, Fischetti VA. | Appl Microbiol Biotechnol | 10.1007/s00253-010-2982-8 | 2011 | |
| Detection and toxin typing of Clostridium perfringens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples by PCR. | Wu J, Zhang W, Xie B, Wu M, Tong X, Kalpoe J, Zhang D. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.01324-08 | 2009 | | |
| Enzymology | Freshwater suspended sediments and sewage are reservoirs for enterotoxin-positive Clostridium perfringens. | Mueller-Spitz SR, Stewart LB, Klump JV, McLellan SL. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.01702-09 | 2010 | |
| Metabolism | Identification of amino acids important for binding of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin to host cells and to HAVCR1. | Ivie SE, McClain MS. | Biochemistry | 10.1021/bi300690a | 2012 | |
| Enzymology | Necrotizing enterocolitis and death in a goat kid associated with enterotoxin (CPE)-producing Clostridium perfringens type A. | Miyakawa ME, Saputo J, Leger JS, Puschner B, Fisher DJ, McClane BA, Uzal FA. | Can Vet J | 2007 | | |
| TIR domain-containing adaptor SARM is a late addition to the ongoing microbe-host dialog. | Zhang Q, Zmasek CM, Cai X, Godzik A. | Dev Comp Immunol | 10.1016/j.dci.2010.11.013 | 2011 | | |
| Enzymology | Alterations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV in resistant mutants of Clostridium perfringens found after in vitro treatment with fluoroquinolones. | Rafii F, Park M, Novak JS. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.49.2.488-492.2005 | 2005 | |
| Genetics | Novel LanT associated lantibiotic clusters identified by genome database mining. | Singh M, Sareen D. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0091352 | 2014 | |
| Metabolism | Role of the Agr-like quorum-sensing system in regulating toxin production by Clostridium perfringens type B strains CN1793 and CN1795. | Chen J, McClane BA. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00438-12 | 2012 | |
| Phylogeny | Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Clostridium perfringens isolates from Darmbrand cases in post-World War II Germany. | Ma M, Li J, McClane BA. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00818-12 | 2012 | |
| Metabolism | Construction and characterization of a lactose-inducible promoter system for controlled gene expression in Clostridium perfringens. | Hartman AH, Liu H, Melville SB. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.01536-10 | 2011 | |
| Humans as reservoir for enterotoxin gene--carrying Clostridium perfringens type A. | Heikinheimo A, Lindstrom M, Granum PE, Korkeala H. | Emerg Infect Dis | 10.3201/eid1211.060478 | 2006 | | |
| Phylogeny | Characterization of toxin plasmids in Clostridium perfringens type C isolates. | Gurjar A, Li J, McClane BA. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00715-10 | 2010 | |
| Phylogeny | Enumeration and isolation of cpe-positive Clostridium perfringens spores from feces. | Heikinheimo A, Lindstrom M, Korkeala H. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.42.9.3992-3997.2004 | 2004 | |
| Genetics | Genomic analysis of Clostridium perfringens bacteriophage phi3626, which integrates into guaA and possibly affects sporulation. | Zimmer M, Scherer S, Loessner MJ. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.184.16.4359-4368.2002 | 2002 | |
| Enzymology | Quantitative detection of Clostridium perfringens in the broiler fowl gastrointestinal tract by real-time PCR. | Wise MG, Siragusa GR. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.71.7.3911-3916.2005 | 2005 | |
| Conjugative botulinum neurotoxin-encoding plasmids in Clostridium botulinum. | Marshall KM, Bradshaw M, Johnson EA. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0011087 | 2010 | | |
| Enzymology | Prevalence of beta2-toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in horses with intestinal disorders. | Herholz C, Miserez R, Nicolet J, Frey J, Popoff M, Gibert M, Gerber H, Straub R. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.37.2.358-361.1999 | 1999 | |
| Collaborating genomic, transcriptomic and microbiomic alterations lead to canine extreme intestinal polyposis. | Wang J, Wang T, Bishop MA, Edwards JF, Yin H, Dalton S, Bryan LK, Bryan LK, Zhao S. | Oncotarget | 10.18632/oncotarget.25646 | 2018 | | |
| Pathogenicity | The murein hydrolase of the bacteriophage phi3626 dual lysis system is active against all tested Clostridium perfringens strains. | Zimmer M, Vukov N, Scherer S, Loessner MJ. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.68.11.5311-5317.2002 | 2002 | |
| Enzymology | Identification of a novel two-peptide lantibiotic, lichenicidin, following rational genome mining for LanM proteins. | Begley M, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.00730-09 | 2009 | |
| Metabolism | Use of high-affinity cell wall-binding domains of bacteriophage endolysins for immobilization and separation of bacterial cells. | Kretzer JW, Lehmann R, Schmelcher M, Banz M, Kim KP, Korn C, Loessner MJ. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.02402-06 | 2007 | |
| Metabolism | Comparison of the azoreductase and nitroreductase from Clostridium perfringens. | Rafii F, Cerniglia CE. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.59.6.1731-1734.1993 | 1993 | |
| Phylogeny | Multiplex PCR assay for detection and identification of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F in food and fecal material. | Lindstrom M, Keto R, Markkula A, Nevas M, Hielm S, Korkeala H. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.67.12.5694-5699.2001 | 2001 | |
| Enzymology | Proteases of Clostridium botulinum. V. Studies on the serological relationship between proteases from Clostridium botulinum and other spore-forming bacteria. | Tjaberg TB, Fossum K. | Acta Vet Scand | 10.1186/bf03547399 | 1973 | |
| Isolation of a plasmid responsible for caseinase activity in Clostridium perfringens ATCC 3626B. | Blaschek HP, Solberg M. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.147.1.262-266.1981 | 1981 | | |
| Enzymology | Effective recovery of bacterial DNA and percent-guanine-plus-cytosine-based analysis of community structure in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. | Apajalahti JH, Sarkilahti LK, Maki BR, Heikkinen JP, Nurminen PH, Holben WE. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.64.10.4084-4088.1998 | 1998 | |
| Enzymology | First case of type E wound botulism diagnosed using real-time PCR. | Artin I, Bjorkman P, Cronqvist J, Radstrom P, Holst E. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.01192-07 | 2007 | |
| Phylogeny | Development of a combined selection and enrichment PCR procedure for Clostridium botulinum Types B, E, and F and its use to determine prevalence in fecal samples from slaughtered pigs. | Dahlenborg M, Borch E, Radstrom P. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.67.10.4781-4788.2001 | 2001 | |
| Metabolism | Metabolism of 6-nitrochrysene by intestinal microflora. | Manning BW, Campbell WL, Franklin W, Delclos KB, Cerniglia CE. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.54.1.197-203.1988 | 1988 | |
| Characterization of Lactobacillus sp. strain 100-37 from the murine gastrointestinal tract: ecology, plasmid content, and antagonistic activity toward Clostridium ramosum H1. | McCormick EL, Savage DC. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.46.5.1103-1112.1983 | 1983 | | |
| Genetics | Draft genome sequencing of giardia intestinalis assemblage B isolate GS: is human giardiasis caused by two different species? | Franzen O, Jerlstrom-Hultqvist J, Castro E, Sherwood E, Ankarklev J, Reiner DS, Palm D, Andersson JO, Andersson B, Svard SG. | PLoS Pathog | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000560 | 2009 | |
| Phylogeny | Electrophoretic study of Clostridium species. | Cato EP, Hash DE, Holdeman LV, Moore WE. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.15.4.688-702.1982 | 1982 | |
| In vitro competition with Bifidobacterium strains impairs potentially pathogenic growth of Clostridium perfringens on 2'-fucosyllactose. | Nakajima A, Arzamasov AA, Sakanaka M, Murakami R, Kozakai T, Yoshida K, Katoh T, Ojima MN, Hirose J, Nagao S, Xiao JZ, Odamaki T, Rodionov DA, Katayama T. | Gut Microbes | 10.1080/19490976.2025.2478306 | 2025 | | |
| Genetics | The estrobolome: Estrogen-metabolizing pathways of the gut microbiome and their relation to breast cancer. | Larnder AH, Manges AR, Murphy RA. | Int J Cancer | 10.1002/ijc.35427 | 2025 | |
| Stress | Development and assessment of a real-time pcr assay for rapid and sensitive detection of a novel thermotolerant bacterium, Lactobacillus thermotolerans, in chicken feces. | Selim AS, Boonkumklao P, Sone T, Assavanig A, Wada M, Yokota A. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.71.8.4214-4219.2005 | 2005 | |
| Enzymology | Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of an azoreductase gene from Clostridium perfringens and comparison with azoreductase genes from other bacteria. | Rafii F, Coleman T | J Basic Microbiol | 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4028(199903)39:1<29::AID-JOBM29>3.0.CO;2-W | 1999 | |
| Metabolism | Isolation of nitrofurantoin-resistant mutants of nitroreductase-producing Clostridium sp. strains from the human intestinal tract. | Rafii F, Hansen EB Jr | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/AAC.42.5.1121 | 1998 | |
| Pathogenicity | Effect of fluoroquinolone resistance selection on the fitness of three strains of Clostridium perfringens. | Park M, Sutherland JB, Kim JN, Rafii F | Microb Drug Resist | 10.1089/mdr.2013.0056 | 2013 | |
How to citeIf you want to cite this particular strain cite the following doi:
https://doi.org/10.13145/bacdive164823.20251217.10
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BacDive in 2025: the core database for prokaryotic strain data
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