Clostridium perfringens 281/50 is an anaerobe, mesophilic, Gram-positive prokaryote of the family Clostridiaceae.
Gram-positive rod-shaped anaerobe mesophilic 16S sequence| @ref 20215 |
Last LPSN update
2025-12-16 10:03:21 |
| Domain Bacillati |
| Phylum Bacillota |
| Class Clostridia |
| Order Eubacteriales |
| Family Clostridiaceae |
| Genus Clostridium |
| Species Clostridium perfringens |
| Full scientific name Clostridium perfringens (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Hauduroy et al. 1937 (Approved Lists 1980) |
| Synonyms (2) |
| 41816 | Oxygen toleranceanaerobe |
| @ref | Value | Activity | Ec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 68382 | acid phosphatase | + | 3.1.3.2 | from API zym |
| 68382 | alkaline phosphatase | + | 3.1.3.1 | from API zym |
| 68382 | alpha-chymotrypsin | - | 3.4.21.1 | from API zym |
| 68382 | alpha-fucosidase | - | 3.2.1.51 | from API zym |
| 68382 | alpha-galactosidase | + | 3.2.1.22 | from API zym |
| 68382 | alpha-glucosidase | + | 3.2.1.20 | from API zym |
| 68382 | alpha-mannosidase | - | 3.2.1.24 | from API zym |
| 68382 | beta-galactosidase | + | 3.2.1.23 | from API zym |
| 68382 | beta-glucosidase | - | 3.2.1.21 | from API zym |
| 68382 | beta-glucuronidase | - | 3.2.1.31 | from API zym |
| 41816 | catalase | - | 1.11.1.6 | |
| 68382 | cystine arylamidase | - | 3.4.11.3 | from API zym |
| 68382 | esterase (C 4) | + | from API zym | |
| 68382 | esterase lipase (C 8) | + | from API zym | |
| 68382 | leucine arylamidase | - | 3.4.11.1 | from API zym |
| 68382 | lipase (C 14) | - | from API zym | |
| 68382 | N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase | + | 3.2.1.52 | from API zym |
| 68382 | naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase | + | from API zym | |
| 41816 | oxidase | - | ||
| 68382 | trypsin | + | 3.4.21.4 | from API zym |
| 41816 | urease | - | 3.5.1.5 | |
| 68382 | valine arylamidase | - | from API zym |
Global distribution of 16S sequence AB632373 (>99% sequence identity) for Clostridium perfringens subclade from Microbeatlas 
 Aquatic Samples |
8762 |
 Soil Samples |
3063 |
 Animal Samples |
75654 |
 Plant Samples |
847 |
| Total Samples | 88326 |
| @ref | Description | Accession | Length | Database | NCBI tax ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 67770 | Clostridium perfringens gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: JCM 5242 | AB632373 | 1474 |  | 1502 |
| Topic | Title | Authors | Journal | DOI | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetics | Prevalence and toxin gene profiles of Clostridium perfringens in diarrheic dogs and cats in Korea: a retrospective analysis. | Park J, Cheon D, Oh YI. | J Vet Sci | 10.4142/jvs.24361 | 2025 | |
| Pathogenicity | Processing of Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin by Intestinal Proteases. | Shrestha A, Gonzales JL, Beingesser J, Uzal FA, McClane BA. | Toxins (Basel) | 10.3390/toxins17040170 | 2025 | |
| Metabolism | Validation and Stabilization of a Prophage Lysin of Clostridium perfringens by Using Yeast Surface Display and Coevolutionary Models. | Ritter SC, Hackel BJ. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.00054-19 | 2019 | |
| Battling Enteropathogenic Clostridia: Phage Therapy for Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens. | Venhorst J, van der Vossen JMBM, Agamennone V. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891790 | 2022 | | |
| NanI Sialidase Enhances the Action of Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin in the Presence of Mucus. | Navarro MA, Li J, Beingesser J, McClane BA, Uzal FA. | mSphere | 10.1128/msphere.00848-21 | 2021 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Potential Therapeutic Effects of Mepacrine against Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin in a Mouse Model of Enterotoxemia. | Navarro MA, Shrestha A, Freedman JC, Beingesser J, McClane BA, Uzal FA. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00670-18 | 2019 | |
| Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens growth by potassium lactate during an extended cooling of cooked uncured ground turkey breasts. | Kennedy KM, Milkowski AL, Glass KA. | J Food Prot | 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-106 | 2013 | | |
| Synthesis and Biological Activity Characterization of Novel 5-Oxopyrrolidine Derivatives with Promising Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity. | Kairyte K, Grybaite B, Vaickelioniene R, Sapijanskaite-Banevic B, Kavaliauskas P, Mickevicius V. | Pharmaceuticals (Basel) | 10.3390/ph15080970 | 2022 | | |
| Metabolism | NanH Is Produced by Sporulating Cultures of Clostridium perfringens Type F Food Poisoning Strains and Enhances the Cytotoxicity of C. perfringens Enterotoxin. | Li J, McClane BA. | mSphere | 10.1128/msphere.00176-21 | 2021 | |
| Pathogenicity | A Thermophilic Phage Endolysin Fusion to a Clostridium perfringens-Specific Cell Wall Binding Domain Creates an Anti-Clostridium Antimicrobial with Improved Thermostability. | Swift SM, Seal BS, Garrish JK, Oakley BB, Hiett K, Yeh HY, Woolsey R, Schegg KM, Line JE, Donovan DM. | Viruses | 10.3390/v7062758 | 2015 | |
| Enzymology | Evidence that Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin-Induced Intestinal Damage and Enterotoxemic Death in Mice Can Occur Independently of Intestinal Caspase-3 Activation. | Freedman JC, Navarro MA, Morrell E, Beingesser J, Shrestha A, McClane BA, Uzal FA. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00931-17 | 2018 | |
| The Potential Therapeutic Agent Mepacrine Protects Caco-2 Cells against Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin Action. | Freedman JC, Hendricks MR, McClane BA. | mSphere | 10.1128/msphere.00352-17 | 2017 | | |
| Enzymology | Characterization of the spore-forming Bacillus cereus sensu lato group and Clostridium perfringens bacteria isolated from the Australian dairy farm environment. | Drean P, McAuley CM, Moore SC, Fegan N, Fox EM. | BMC Microbiol | 10.1186/s12866-015-0377-9 | 2015 | |
| Enzymology | Freshwater suspended sediments and sewage are reservoirs for enterotoxin-positive Clostridium perfringens. | Mueller-Spitz SR, Stewart LB, Klump JV, McLellan SL. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.01702-09 | 2010 | |
| Enzymology | Lytic enzyme discovery through multigenomic sequence analysis in Clostridium perfringens. | Schmitz JE, Ossiprandi MC, Rumah KR, Fischetti VA. | Appl Microbiol Biotechnol | 10.1007/s00253-010-2982-8 | 2011 | |
| Enzymology | Quantitative detection of Clostridium perfringens in the broiler fowl gastrointestinal tract by real-time PCR. | Wise MG, Siragusa GR. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.71.7.3911-3916.2005 | 2005 | |
| Enzymology | Synthetic DNA probes for detection of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from outbreaks of food poisoning. | Van Damme-Jongsten M, Rodhouse J, Gilbert RJ, Notermans S. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.28.1.131-133.1990 | 1990 | |
| Pathogenicity | Rapid detection, by PCR and reverse hybridization, of mutations in the Helicobacter pylori 23S rRNA gene, associated with macrolide resistance. | van Doorn LJ, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Marais A, Sanna R, Megraud F, Kusters JG, Quint WG. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.43.7.1779 | 1999 | |
| Development of species-specific DNA probes for Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari by polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting. | Giesendorf BA, van Belkum A, Koeken A, Stegeman H, Henkens MH, van der Plas J, Goossens H, Niesters HG, Quint WG. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.31.6.1541-1546.1993 | 1993 | | |
| Biotechnology | Rapid and sensitive detection of Campylobacter spp. in chicken products by using the polymerase chain reaction. | Giesendorf BA, Quint WG, Henkens MH, Stegeman H, Huf FA, Niesters HG. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.58.12.3804-3808.1992 | 1992 | |
| Survival of human enteric and other sewage microorganisms under simulated deep-sea conditions. | Baross JA, Hanus FJ, Morita RY. | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.30.2.309-318.1975 | 1975 | | |
| Enzymology | Rapid, polymerase chain reaction-based identification assays for Candida species. | Niesters HG, Goessens WH, Meis JF, Quint WG. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.31.4.904-910.1993 | 1993 | |
| Predictive model for growth of Clostridium perfringens during cooling of cooked pork supplemented with sodium chloride and sodium pyrophosphate | Juneja VK, Osoria M, Purohit AS, Golden CE, Mishra A, Taneja NK, Salazar JK, Thippareddi H, Dev Kumar G. | Meat Sci | 2022 | | ||
| Predictive modeling and probabilistic risk assessment of Clostridium perfringens in hamburgers and sandwiches. | Choi YH, Park JH, Kang MS, Yoon Y, Ha SD, Kim HJ. | Food Sci Biotechnol | 10.1007/s10068-021-01000-z | 2021 | | |
| Metabolism | Expression and delivery of an endolysin to combat Clostridium perfringens. | Gervasi T, Horn N, Wegmann U, Dugo G, Narbad A, Mayer MJ. | Appl Microbiol Biotechnol | 10.1007/s00253-013-5128-y | 2014 | |
| Metabolism | Influence of elevated temperature on starch hydrolysis by enterotoxin-positive and enterotoxin-negative strains of Clostridium perfringens type A. | Garcia-Alvarado JS, Rodriguez MA, Labbe RG. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.58.1.326-330.1992 | 1992 | |
| The effect of temperature abuse on Clostridium perfringens in cooked turkey stored under air and vacuum | Juneja VK, Call JE, Marmer BS, Miller AJ. | Food Microbiol | 10.1006/fmic.1994.1022 | 1994 | | |
| Metabolism | Nonradioactive colony hybridization assay for detection and enumeration of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in raw beef. | Baez LA, Juneja VK. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.61.2.807-810.1995 | 1995 | |
| Evidence that the enterotoxin gene can be episomal in Clostridium perfringens isolates associated with non-food-borne human gastrointestinal diseases. | Collie RE, McClane BA. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.36.1.30-36.1998 | 1998 | | |
| Enzymology | Evaluation of a Clostridium perfringens predictive model, developed under isothermal conditions in broth, to predict growth in ground beef during cooling. | Smith S, Schaffner DW. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.70.5.2728-2733.2004 | 2004 | |
| Molecular epidemiology of Clostridium perfringens related to food-borne outbreaks of disease in Finland from 1984 to 1999. | Lukinmaa S, Takkunen E, Siitonen A. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.68.8.3744-3749.2002 | 2002 | | |
| Effect of lysozyme on ionic forms of spores of Clostridium perfringens type A. | Ando Y. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.122.2.794-795.1975 | 1975 | | |
| Enzymology | Comparison of Western immunoblots and gene detection assays for identification of potentially enterotoxigenic isolates of Clostridium perfringens. | Kokai-Kun JF, Songer JG, Czeczulin JR, Chen F, McClane BA. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.32.10.2533-2539.1994 | 1994 | |
| Enzymology | Identification of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A in mixed cultures. | Niilo L. | Can J Comp Med | 1979 | | |
| GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF Clostridium perfringens DURING CONSTANTLY RISING TEMPERATURES | WILLARDSEN RR, BUSTA FF, Allen CE, Smith LB. | J Food Sci | 1978 | | ||
| Metabolism | Raffinose increases sporulation and enterotoxin production by Clostridium perfringens type A. | Labbe RG, Rey DK. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.37.6.1196-1200.1979 | 1979 | |
| Sensitization by ethylenediaminetetraacetate of Clostridium perfringens type A spores to germination by lysozyme. | Adams DM. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.116.1.500-502.1973 | 1973 | | |
| Beneficial effect of catalase treatment on growth of Clostridium perfringens. | Harmon SM, Kautter DA. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.32.3.409-416.1976 | 1976 | | |
| Biotechnology | Radiation resistance of spores of some Clostridium perfringens strains. | Clifford WJ, Anellis A. | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.29.6.861-863.1975 | 1975 | |
| Cultivation | Clear, defined medium for the sporulation of Clostridium perfringens. | Sacks LE, Thompson PA. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.35.2.405-410.1978 | 1978 | |
| Metabolism | Enterotoxin formation by Clostridium perfringens type A in a defined medium. | Labbe RG. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.41.1.315-317.1981 | 1981 | |
| Enzymology | Evaluation of media, time and temperature of incubation, and method of enumeration of several strains fo Clostridium perfringens spores. | Clifford WJ, Anellis A, Ross EW. | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.27.4.784-792.1974 | 1974 | |
| Cultivation | Clostridium perfringens. I. Sporulation in a biphasic glucose-ion-exchange resin medium. | Clifford WJ, Anellis A. | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.22.5.856-861.1971 | 1971 | |
| Rabbit ileal loop response to strains of Clostridium perfringens. | Duncan CL, Sugiyama H, Strong DH. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.95.5.1560-1566.1968 | 1968 | | |
| Metabolism | Some properties of heat-resistant and heat-sensitive strains of Clostridium perfringens. I. Heat resistance and toxigenicity. | Weiss KF, Strong DH. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.93.1.21-26.1967 | 1967 | |
| Cultivation | Improved medium for sporulation of Clostridium perfringens. | Duncan CL, Strong DH. | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.16.1.82-89.1968 | 1968 | |
| Cultivation | Influence of water activity on the growth of Clostridium perfringens. | Strong DH, Foster EF, Duncan CL. | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.19.6.980-987.1970 | 1970 | |
| Metabolism | Spore coat protein and enterotoxin synthesis in Clostridium perfringens. | Labbe RG, Duncan CL. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.131.2.713-715.1977 | 1977 | |
| Enzymology | Improved medium for enumeration of Clostridium perfringens. | Harmon SM, Kautter DA, Peeler JT. | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.22.4.688-692.1971 | 1971 | |
| Effect of cookery and holding on hams and turkey rolls contaminated with Clostridium perfringens. | Strong DH, Ripp NM. | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.15.5.1172-1177.1967 | 1967 | | |
| Cultivation | Comparison of media for the enumeration of Clostridium perfringens. | Harmon SM, Kautter DA, Peeler JT. | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.21.5.922-927.1971 | 1971 | |
| Biotechnology | Relationship of sporulation, enterotoxin formation, and spoilage during growth of Clostridium perfringens type A in cooked chicken. | Craven SE, Blankenship LC, McDonel JL. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.41.5.1184-1191.1981 | 1981 | |
| Stress | Germination of heat- and alkali-altered spores of Clostridium perfringens type A by lysozyme and an initiation protein. | Duncan CL, Labbe RG, Reich RR. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.109.2.550-559.1972 | 1972 | |
| Enzymology | Spore lytic enzyme released from Clostridium perfringens spores during germination. | Ando Y. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.140.1.59-64.1979 | 1979 | |
| Phylogeny | Application of serological typing to the investigation of outbreaks of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning, 1970-1978. | Stringer MF, Turnbull PC, Gilbert RJ. | J Hyg (Lond) | 10.1017/s002217240002698x | 1980 | |
| Mice and monkeys as assay animals for Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. | Weiss KF, Strong DH, Groom RA. | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.14.4.479-485.1966 | 1966 | | |
| Sporulation of Clostridium perfringens in a modified medium and selected foods. | Kim CH, Cheney R, Woodburn M. | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.15.4.871-876.1967 | 1967 | | |
| Metabolism | Ileal loop fluid accumulation and production of diarrhea in rabbits by cell-free products of Clostridium perfringens. | Duncan CL, Strong DH. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.100.1.86-94.1969 | 1969 | |
| Biotechnology | Method for estimating the presence of Clostridium perfringens in food. | Harmon SM, Kautter DA. | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.20.6.913-918.1970 | 1970 | |
| Spore heat resistance and specific mineralization. | Bender GR, Marquis RE. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.50.6.1414-1421.1985 | 1985 | | |
| Cultivation | New quantitative, qualitative, and confirmatory media for rapid analysis of food for Clostridium perfringens. | Shahidi SA, Ferguson AR. | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.21.3.500-506.1971 | 1971 | |
| Stress | CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS STRAINS ASSOCIATED WITH FOOD AND FOOD-BORNE DISEASE. | HALL HE, ANGELOTTI R, LEWIS KH, FOTER MJ. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.85.5.1094-1103.1963 | 1963 | |
| Cultivation | Recovery of clostridia on catalase-treated plating media. | Harmon SM, Kautter DA. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.33.4.762-770.1977 | 1977 | |
| The effect of low-temperature long-time (LTLT) cooking on survival of potentially pathogenic Clostridium perfringens in beef. | El Kadri H, Alaizoki A, Celen T, Smith M, Onyeaka H | Int J Food Microbiol | 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108540 | 2020 | | |
| Incidence of Clostridium perfringens in commercially produced cured raw meat product mixtures and behavior in cooked products during chilling and refrigerated storage. | Taormina PJ, Bartholomew GW, Dorsa WJ | J Food Prot | 10.4315/0362-028x-66.1.72 | 2003 | | |
| Enzymology | Heat treatment adaptations in Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells. | Novak JS, Tunick MH, Juneja VK | J Food Prot | 10.4315/0362-028x-64.10.1527 | 2001 | |
| Pathogenicity | Sporulation-promoting ability of Clostridium perfringens culture fluids. | Shih NJ, Labbe RG | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.62.4.1441-1443.1996 | 1996 | |
| Pathogenicity | Stimulation of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin formation by caffeine and theobromine. | Labbe RG, Nolan LL | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.34.1.50-54.1981 | 1981 | |
| Metabolism | Chemically defined medium for growth and sporulation of Clostridium perfringens. | Ting MN, Fung DY | Appl Microbiol | 10.1128/am.24.5.755-759.1972 | 1972 | |
| Biotechnology | Predictive model for growth of Clostridium perfringens during cooling of cooked pork supplemented with sodium chloride and sodium pyrophosphate. | Juneja VK, Osoria M, Purohit AS, Golden CE, Mishra A, Taneja NK, Salazar JK, Thippareddi H, Kumar GD | Meat Sci | 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108557 | 2021 | |
| Biotechnology | Predictive model for Clostridium perfringens growth in roast beef during cooling and inhibition of spore germination and outgrowth by organic acid salts. | Sanchez-Plata MX, Amezquita A, Blankenship E, Burson DE, Juneja V, Thippareddi H | J Food Prot | 10.4315/0362-028x-68.12.2594 | 2005 | |
| Pathogenicity | Effect of spices and organic acids on the growth of Clostridium perfringens during cooling of cooked ground beef. | Sabah JR, Juneja VK, Fung DY | J Food Prot | 10.4315/0362-028x-67.9.1840 | 2004 | |
| Pathogenicity | Use of organic acids for the control of Clostridium perfringens in cooked vacuum-packaged restructured roast beef during an alternative cooling procedure. | Sabah JR, Thippareddi H, Marsden JL, Fung DY | J Food Prot | 10.4315/0362-028x-66.8.1408 | 2003 | |
| Biotechnology | Effects of chilling rate on outgrowth of Clostridium perfringens spores in vacuum-packaged cooked beef and pork. | Danler RJ, Boyle EA, Kastner CL, Thippareddi H, Fung DY, Phebus RK | J Food Prot | 10.4315/0362-028x-66.3.501 | 2003 | |
| Biotechnology | Cooling rate effect on outgrowth of Clostridium perfringens in cooked, ready-to-eat turkey breast roasts. | Steele FM, Wright KH | Poult Sci | 10.1093/ps/80.6.813 | 2001 | |
| Influence of Cooling Rate on Outgrowth of Clostridium perfringens Spores in Cooked Ground Beef. | Juneja VK, Snyder OP Jr, Cygnarowicz-Provost M | J Food Prot | 10.4315/0362-028X-57.12.1063 | 1994 | | |
| Cultivation | Influence of carbohydrates on growth and sporulation of Clostridium perfringens in a defined medium with or without guanosine. | Sacks LE | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.46.5.1169-1175.1983 | 1983 | |
How to citeIf you want to cite this particular strain cite the following doi:
https://doi.org/10.13145/bacdive139525.20251217.10
When using BacDive for research please cite the following paper
BacDive in 2025: the core database for prokaryotic strain data
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