Gluconobacter oxydans (DSM 50049, ATCC 621, CIP 104737)

Name: Gluconobacter oxydans (DSM 50049, ATCC 621, CIP 104737)
Creator: BacDive
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

BacDive ID 52

Type strain

Culture col. no. DSM 50049 ATCC 621 CIP 104737 NCIB 7069 NRRL B-72 27 more

NCBI tax ID(s) 442

Special Collections DSMZ CCUG JCM KCTC CIP JMRC

History DSMZ <- ATCC <- NRRL (Acetobacter suboxydans) <- A.J. Kluyver JCM <-- IAM 12137 <-- IFO 3130 ("Gluconobacter suboxydans") <-- NRRL B-72 <-- E. B. Tilden <-- L. B. Lockwood 1043. CIP <- 1953, ATCC, Gluconobacter oxydans suboxydans <- K.B. Raper, NRRL, Acetobacter suboxydans <- A.J. Kluyver

Links

Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 50049 is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that was isolated from Beer.

Gram-negative rod-shaped 16S sequence Bacteria

Name and taxonomic classification

SI-ID 69

NRRL B-72,LMG 1393,ATCC 23774,ATCC 33448,ATCC 621,CCM 1783,CCUG 18135,CECT 360,DSM 50049,IAM 1829,IFO 12528,IFO 3172,IMET 10507,LMG 1401,LMG 1402,LMG 1484,LMG 1494,LMG 1673,NCDO 2008,NCIB 621,NCIB 7069,NCIB 8035,NCTC 621,NCTC 7069,NRRL B-755,VKM B-885,CIP 104737,NCIMB 621,NCIMB7069,NCIMB8035,CCUG19135,LMD 23.2,CIP 53.162,CCRC 10684,HAMBI 374,NCAIM B.01220,NCFB 2008,VTT E-75003,KCTC 1091,KCTC 2111,NBRC 12528,NBRC 3172,NCCB 23002,BCRC 10684,CCT 0552,IAM 3130,NCIM 2048,NCIM 2440,CDBB 1090,VTT E-97003,JCM 20289

@ref 20215

Last LPSN update 2026-05-29 08:24:56

Domain Bacteria

Phylum Pseudomonadota

Class Alphaproteobacteria

Order Rhodospirillales

Family Acetobacteraceae

Genus Gluconobacter

Species Gluconobacter oxydans

Full scientific name Gluconobacter oxydans (Henneberg 1897) De Ley 1961 (Approved Lists 1980)

Synonyms (11)

"Acetobacter melanogenus"
Gluconobacter oxydans subsp. melanogenes
"Acetomonas suboxydans"
Gluconobacter uchimurae
"Gluconobacter industrius"
"Bacterium oxydans"
"Gluconobacter suboxydans"
Gluconobacter oxydans subsp. industrius
"Acetobacter suboxydans"
Gluconobacter oxydans subsp. suboxydans
"Bacterium industrium"

BacDive ID	Other strains from **Gluconobacter oxydans** (23)	Type strain
48	G. oxydans I, 1, DSM 3503, ATCC 19357, DSM 4494, IAM ... (type strain)
46	G. oxydans DSM 2343, ATCC 621H, NCIB 8036, CIP 104215, ...
47	G. oxydans B 4099, DSM 2003, CN 1221
49	G. oxydans DSM 7145, ATCC 19357, NCIB 9013
50	G. oxydans DSM 46615, ATCC 12303, CCM 1804, IFO 3262, ...
51	G. oxydans No 27, Porges 27, DSM 46616, ATCC 9844, CCM ...
23496	G. oxydans DSM 4494, ATCC 19357, NCIB 9013
139194	G. oxydans CIP 104736, ATCC 9324, IFO 3171, NCTC 4739, ...
143264	G. oxydans CCUG 18134, ATCC 33447, LMG 1581
143265	G. oxydans CCUG 18136, ATCC 33446, LMG 1674
152146	G. oxydans CCUG 45891
155021	G. oxydans CCUG 56122
155022	G. oxydans CCUG 56123
162844	G. oxydans JCM 20282, IAM 1821, IFO 3293, LMG 1385, ...
162845	G. oxydans JCM 20283, BCRC 10384, IAM 1822, IFO 3294, ...
162851	G. oxydans JCM 20294, IAM 1839
162852	G. oxydans JCM 20295, IAM 1841
162853	G. oxydans JCM 20296, IAM 1842, LMG 1425
162920	G. oxydans JCM 20430, IAM 12138, IFO 3010, NBRC 3010
163101	G. oxydans JCM 21178, ATCC 11894, CCM 1769, IAM 14365, ...
163102	G. oxydans JCM 21179, ATCC 23772, IAM 14366, LMG 1399, ...
163103	G. oxydans JCM 21180, ATCC 23755, CCM 1795, IAM 14367, ...
163111	G. oxydans JCM 21218, ATCC 15164, IAM 14435, IFO 3243, ...

Morphology

Cell morphology

@ref	Gram stain	Cell shape
121486	negative	rod-shaped

Colony morphology

46762

Incubation period3-4 days

Culture and growth conditions

Culture medium

@ref	Name	Medium link	Composition
12608	GLUCONOBACTER OXYDANS MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 105)	Medium recipe at MediaDive	Name: GLUCONOBACTER OXYDANS MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 105) Composition: Glucose 100.0 g/l CaCO3 20.0 g/l Agar 15.0 g/l Yeast extract 10.0 g/l Distilled water
37739	MEDIUM 1 - for Acetobacter, Azotobacter, Gluconobacter, Gluconacetobacter, Mesorhizodium ciceri and Pseudomonas doudoroffii		Distilled water make up to (1000.000 ml);Agar (15.000 g);Yeast extract (5.000 g);Peptone (3.000 g);Mannitol (25.000 g)
121486	CIP Medium 1	Medium recipe at CIP

Culture temp

@ref	Growth	Type	Temperature (°C)
12608	positive	growth	26
37739	positive	growth	30
46762	positive	growth	25-30
67770	positive	growth	25

Physiology and metabolism

Compound production

12608

Compoundsorbose

Metabolite utilization

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Utilization activity	Kind of utilization tested
68369	17128 ChEBI	adipate	-	assimilation	from API 20NE
68369	29016 ChEBI	arginine	-	hydrolysis	from API 20NE
68369	17634 ChEBI	D-glucose	-	assimilation	from API 20NE
68369	17634 ChEBI	D-glucose	-	fermentation	from API 20NE
68369	16899 ChEBI	D-mannitol	-	assimilation	from API 20NE
68369	16024 ChEBI	D-mannose	-	assimilation	from API 20NE
68369	27689 ChEBI	decanoate	-	assimilation	from API 20NE
68369	4853 ChEBI	esculin	-	hydrolysis	from API 20NE
68369	5291 ChEBI	gelatin	-	hydrolysis	from API 20NE
68369	24265 ChEBI	gluconate	-	assimilation	from API 20NE
68369	30849 ChEBI	L-arabinose	-	assimilation	from API 20NE
68369	25115 ChEBI	malate	-	assimilation	from API 20NE
68369	17306 ChEBI	maltose	-	assimilation	from API 20NE
68369	59640 ChEBI	N-acetylglucosamine	-	assimilation	from API 20NE
68369	17632 ChEBI	nitrate	-	reduction	from API 20NE
68369	27897 ChEBI	tryptophan	-	energy source	from API 20NE
68369	16199 ChEBI	urea	-	hydrolysis	from API 20NE

Metabolite production

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Production
68369	35581 ChEBI	indole		from API 20NE

Metabolite tests

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Indole test
68369	35581 ChEBI	indole	-	from API 20NE

Enzymes

@ref	Value	Activity	Ec
68369	arginine dihydrolase	-	3.5.3.6	from API 20NE
68369	beta-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.21	from API 20NE
68369	cytochrome oxidase	-	1.9.3.1	from API 20NE
68369	gelatinase	-		from API 20NE
68369	urease	-	3.5.1.5	from API 20NE

API 20NE

@ref	Reduction of nitratesNO3	TRP	GLU_ Ferm	ADH (Arg)	URE	ESC	GEL	PNPG	GLU_ Assim	ARA	MNE	MAN	NAG	MAL	GNT	CAP	ADI	MLT	CIT	PAC	OX
46762	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Isolation, sampling and environmental information

Isolation source categories

Cat1	Cat2	Cat3
#Engineered	#Food production	#Beverage
#Engineered	#Food production	#Fermented
#Host	#Plants	#Herbaceous plants (Grass,Crops)
#Host Body-Site	#Plant	#Fruit (Seed)

Isolation

@ref	Sample type	Country	Country ISO 3 Code	Continent
46762	Beer	Netherlands	NLD	Europe
121486	Other, Amstel beer

Taxonmaps

69479

Global distribution of 16S sequence AB178386 (>99% sequence identity) for Gluconobacter from Microbeatlas

Aquatic Samples	546
Soil Samples	721
Animal Samples	2856
Plant Samples	858
Total Samples	4981

Interaction and safety

Risk assessment

@ref	Biosafety level	Biosafety level comment
12608	1	Risk group (German classification) According to TRBA 466
121486	1	Risk group (French classification) According to TRBA 466

Sequence information

16S sequences

@ref	Description	Accession	Length	NCBI tax ID
67770	Gluconobacter oxydans gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence, strain:NBRC 3130	AB178386	1409	442
124043	Gluconobacter oxydans 16S rRNA, partial sequence.	AB003959	155	442
124043	Gluconobacter oxydans DNA, 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer, strain:NBRC 3130.	AB163822	676	442
124043	Gluconobacter oxydans strain DSM 50049 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence.	MK759912	1326	442

GC content

12608

GC-content (mol%)62.9

Genome-based predictions

Literature

Topic	Title	Authors	Journal	DOI	Year
Enzymology	Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 50049 - an efficient biocatalyst for oxidation of 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA).	Sayed M, Ismail M, Sivasubramanian A, Kawano R, Li C, Glaser SJ, Hatti-Kaul R.	Microb Cell Fact	10.1186/s12934-025-02689-x	2025
Biotechnology	Monitoring of the Biotechnological Production of Dihydroxyacetone Using a Low-Field ¹H NMR Spectrometer.	Mahler L, Tasdemir E, Nickisch-Hartfiel A, Mayer C, Jaeger M.	Biotechnol Bioeng	10.1002/bit.28901	2025
	A facile process for adipic acid production in high yield by oxidation of 1,6-hexanediol using the resting cells of Gluconobacter oxydans.	Pyo SH, Sayed M, Orn OE, Amorrortu Gallo J, Fernandez Ros N, Hatti-Kaul R.	Microb Cell Fact	10.1186/s12934-022-01947-6	2022
	The industrial versatility of Gluconobacter oxydans: current applications and future perspectives.	da Silva GAR, Oliveira SSS, Lima SF, do Nascimento RP, Baptista ARS, Fiaux SB.	World J Microbiol Biotechnol	10.1007/s11274-022-03310-8	2022
Enzymology	Highly efficient fermentation of 5-keto-D-fructose with Gluconobacter oxydans at different scales.	Battling S, Engel T, Herweg E, Niehoff PJ, Pesch M, Scholand T, Schopping M, Sonntag N, Buchs J.	Microb Cell Fact	10.1186/s12934-022-01980-5	2022
Phylogeny	16S rRNA in situ Hybridization Followed by Flow Cytometry for Rapid Identification of Acetic Acid Bacteria Involved in Submerged Industrial Vinegar Production.	Trcek J, Lipoglavsek L, Avgustin G.	Food Technol Biotechnol	10.17113/ftb.54.01.16.4041	2016
Metabolism	Valorization of Gelidium amansii for dual production of D-galactonic acid and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid by chemo-biological approach.	Liu P, Xie J, Tan H, Zhou F, Zou L, Ouyang J.	Microb Cell Fact	10.1186/s12934-020-01357-6	2020
	Selective Biosynthesis of Furoic Acid From Furfural by Pseudomonas Putida and Identification of Molybdate Transporter Involvement in Furfural Oxidation.	Zheng Z, Xu Q, Tan H, Zhou F, Ouyang J.	Front Chem	10.3389/fchem.2020.587456	2020
Metabolism	Bio-based 3-hydroxypropionic- and acrylic acid production from biodiesel glycerol via integrated microbial and chemical catalysis.	Dishisha T, Pyo SH, Hatti-Kaul R.	Microb Cell Fact	10.1186/s12934-015-0388-0	2015
	Cloning of Escherichia coli lacZ and lacY genes and their expression in Gluconobacter oxydans and Acetobacter liquefaciens.	Mostafa HE, Heller KJ, Geis A.	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/aem.68.5.2619-2623.2002	2002
Enzymology	Patulin Detoxification by Evolutionarily Divergent Reductases of Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 621.	Abraham N, Chan E, Li XZ, Zhu H, Mats L, Zhou T, Seah SYK.	J Agric Food Chem	10.1021/acs.jafc.4c12572	2025
	pH regulatory divergent point for the selective bio-oxidation of primary diols during resting cell catalysis.	Hua X, Zhang C, Han J, Xu Y.	Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod	10.1186/s13068-022-02171-5	2022
	Utilization of a waste glycerol fraction using and reusing immobilized Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 621 cell extract	Stasiak-Rozanska L, Blazejak S, Gientka I, Bzducha-Wrobel A, Lipinska E.	Electron J Biotechnol	10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.03.003	2017
Enzymology	Bioenzymatic detoxification of mycotoxins.	Liu M, Zhang X, Luan H, Zhang Y, Xu W, Feng W, Song P.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2024.1434987	2024
Pathogenicity	Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins in food.	Abraham N, Chan ETS, Zhou T, Seah SYK.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2022.957148	2022
Enzymology	Heterologous expression of genes for bioconversion of xylose to xylonic acid in Corynebacterium glutamicum and optimization of the bioprocess.	Sundar MSL, Susmitha A, Rajan D, Hannibal S, Sasikumar K, Wendisch VF, Nampoothiri KM.	AMB Express	10.1186/s13568-020-01003-9	2020
	Recovery and utilization of crude glycerol, a biodiesel byproduct.	Liu Y, Zhong B, Lawal A.	RSC Adv	10.1039/d2ra05090k	2022
	Identification of NAD-Dependent Xylitol Dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter oxydans WSH-003.	Liu L, Zeng W, Du G, Chen J, Zhou J.	ACS Omega	10.1021/acsomega.9b01867	2019
	Effect of glycerol and dihydroxyacetone concentrations in the culture medium on the growth of acetic acid bacteria Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 621	Stasiak-Rozanska L, Blazejak S, Gientka I.	Eur Food Res Technol	10.1007/s00217-014-2238-4	2014
	Production of dihydroxyacetone from an aqueous solution of glycerol in the reaction catalyzed by an immobilized cell preparation of acetic acid bacteria Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 621	Lidia SR, Stanislaw B.	Eur Food Res Technol	10.1007/s00217-012-1846-0	2012
Enzymology	Molecular cloning of gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2003 xylitol dehydrogenase gene.	Sadeghi HM, Ahmadi R, Aghaabdollahian S, Mofid MR, Ghaemi Y, Abedi D.	Res Pharm Sci		2011
Transcriptome	Effects of Inhibitors on the Transcriptional Profiling of Gluconobater oxydans NL71 Genes after Biooxidation of Xylose into Xylonate.	Miao Y, Shen Y, Xu Y.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2017.00716	2017
	Comprehensive deciphering prophages in genus Acetobacter on the ecology, genomic features, toxin-antitoxin system, and linkage with CRISPR-Cas system.	Qian C, Ma J, Liang J, Zhang L, Liang X.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2022.951030	2022
	Distribution and genome structures of temperate phages in acetic acid bacteria.	Omata K, Hibi N, Nakano S, Komoto S, Sato K, Nunokawa K, Amano S, Ueda K, Takano H.	Sci Rep	10.1038/s41598-021-00998-w	2021
	On the way toward regulatable expression systems in acetic acid bacteria: target gene expression and use cases.	Fricke PM, Klemm A, Bott M, Polen T.	Appl Microbiol Biotechnol	10.1007/s00253-021-11269-z	2021
	Incapability of Gluconobacter oxydans to produce tartaric acid.	Klasen R, Bringer-Meyer S, Sahm H.	Biotechnol Bioeng	10.1002/bit.260400126	1992
Pathogenicity	Effects of aromatic compounds on the production of bacterial nanocellulose by Gluconacetobacter xylinus.	Zhang S, Winestrand S, Guo X, Chen L, Hong F, Jonsson LJ.	Microb Cell Fact	10.1186/1475-2859-13-62	2014
Metabolism	Effect of intracytoplasmic membrane development on oxidation of sorbitol and other polyols by Gluconobacter oxydans.	White SA, Claus GW.	J Bacteriol	10.1128/jb.150.2.934-943.1982	1982
Metabolism	5-keto-D-gluconate production is catalyzed by a quinoprotein glycerol dehydrogenase, major polyol dehydrogenase, in gluconobacter species.	Matsushita K, Fujii Y, Ano Y, Toyama H, Shinjoh M, Tomiyama N, Miyazaki T, Sugisawa T, Hoshino T, Adachi O.	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/aem.69.4.1959-1966.2003	2003
	Lipid and fatty acid composition of Gluconobacter oxydans before and after intracytoplasmic membrane formation.	Heefner DL, Claus GW.	J Bacteriol	10.1128/jb.134.1.38-47.1978	1978
Metabolism	Inositol catabolism, a key pathway in sinorhizobium meliloti for competitive host nodulation.	Kohler PR, Zheng JY, Schoffers E, Rossbach S.	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/aem.01972-10	2010
Metabolism	Change in quantity of lipids and cell size during intracytoplasmic membrane formation in Gluconobacter oxydans.	Heefner DL, Claus GW.	J Bacteriol	10.1128/jb.125.3.1163-1171.1976	1976
Metabolism	Intracytoplasmic membrane formation and increased oxidation of glycerol growth of Gluconobacter oxydans.	Claus GW, Batzing BL, Baker CA, Goebel EM.	J Bacteriol	10.1128/jb.123.3.1169-1183.1975	1975
Metabolism	Biphasic growth of Acetobacter suboxydans on a glycerol-limiting medium.	Batzing BL, Claus GW.	J Bacteriol	10.1128/jb.108.1.592-595.1971	1971
Cultivation	OXIDATION OF ALIPHATIC GLYCOLS BY ACETIC ACID BACTERIA.	DELEY J, KERSTERS K.	Bacteriol Rev	10.1128/mmbr.28.2.164-180.1964	1964
	The biology of Zymomonas.	Swings J, De Ley J.	Bacteriol Rev	10.1128/br.41.1.1-46.1977	1977
Metabolism	Electrodialytic bioproduction of xylonic acid in a bioreactor of supplied-oxygen intensification by using immobilized whole-cell Gluconobacter oxydans as biocatalyst.	Zhou X, Han J, Xu Y	Bioresour Technol	10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.042	2019
Metabolism	Effects of 8 chemical and bacterial additives on the quality of corn silage.	Queiroz OC, Arriola KG, Daniel JL, Adesogan AT	J Dairy Sci	10.3168/jds.2013-6691	2013
Enzymology	Cloning of the xylitol dehydrogenase gene from Gluconobacter oxydans and improved production of xylitol from D-arabitol.	Sugiyama M, Suzuki S, Tonouchi N, Yokozeki K	Biosci Biotechnol Biochem	10.1271/bbb.67.584	2003
Metabolism	Novel enzymatic method for the production of xylitol from D-arabitol by Gluconobacter oxydans.	Suzuki S, Sugiyama M, Mihara Y, Hashiguchi K, Yokozeki K	Biosci Biotechnol Biochem	10.1271/bbb.66.2614	2002
Metabolism	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation and aspartate synthesis in Acetobacter suboxydans.	Claus GW, Orcutt ML, Belly RT	J Bacteriol	10.1128/jb.97.2.691-696.1969	1969
	FINE STRUCTURE OF THE GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIUM ACETOBACTER SUBOXYDANS.	CLAUS GW, ROTH LE	J Cell Biol	10.1083/jcb.20.2.217	1964
Metabolism	Characterization of Two Dehydrogenases from Gluconobacter oxydans Involved in the Transformation of Patulin to Ascladiol.	Chan ETS, Zhu Y, Li XZ, Zhou T, Seah SYK	Toxins (Basel)	10.3390/toxins14070423	2022

References

#12608	Leibniz Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH ; Curators of the DSMZ; DSM 50049
#20215	Parte, A.C., Sardà Carbasse, J., Meier-Kolthoff, J.P., Reimer, L.C. and Göker, M.: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. IJSEM ( DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.004332 )
#20216	Curators of the JMRC: Jena Microbial Resource Collection (JMRC):
#37739	; Curators of the CIP;
#46762	Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG) ; Curators of the CCUG; CCUG 18135
#67770	Japan Collection of Microorganism (JCM) ; Curators of the JCM;
#68369	Automatically annotated from API 20NE .
#69479	João F Matias Rodrigues, Janko Tackmann,Gregor Rot, Thomas SB Schmidt, Lukas Malfertheiner, Mihai Danaila,Marija Dmitrijeva, Daniela Gaio, Nicolas Näpflin and Christian von Mering. University of Zurich.: MicrobeAtlas 1.0 beta .
#121486	Collection of Institut Pasteur ; Curators of the CIP; CIP 53.162
#124043	Isabel Schober, Julia Koblitz: Data extracted from sequence databases, automatically matched based on designation and taxonomy .
#126262	A. Lissin, I. Schober, J. F. Witte, H. Lüken, A. Podstawka, J. Koblitz, B. Bunk, P. Dawyndt, P. Vandamme, P. de Vos, J. Overmann, L. C. Reimer: StrainInfo—the central database for linked microbial strain identifiers. ( DOI 10.1093/database/baaf059 )

Content

About us

Gluconobacter oxydans (DSM 50049, ATCC 621, CIP 104737)

Name and taxonomic classification

Morphology

Cell morphology

Colony morphology

Culture and growth conditions

Culture medium

Culture temp

Physiology and metabolism

Compound production

Metabolite utilization

Metabolite production

Metabolite tests

Enzymes

API 20NE

Isolation, sampling and environmental information

Isolation source categories

Isolation

Taxonmaps

Interaction and safety

Risk assessment

Sequence information

16S sequences

GC content

Genome-based predictions

Literature

Literature

References

BacDive

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