Streptococcus phocae subsp. phocae (DSM 15635, ATCC 51973, CCUG 35103)

Name: Streptococcus phocae subsp. phocae (DSM 15635, ATCC 51973, CCUG 35103)
Creator: BacDive
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

BacDive ID 14817

Type strain

Strain Designation 8399H1, 8399H1T

Culture col. no. DSM 15635 ATCC 51973 CCUG 35103 LMG 16735 NCTC 12719 4 more

NCBI tax ID(s) 119224 1698290

Special Collections DSMZ CCUG CIP

History <- NCTC <- I. Skaar; 8399H1 1994, I. Skaar, SVL, Oslo, Norway: strain 8399H1T CIP <- 1994, I. Skaar, SVL, Oslo, Norway: strain 8399H1T

Links

Streptococcus phocae subsp. phocae 8399H1 is a microaerophile, mesophilic, Gram-positive animal pathogen that was isolated from harbour seal suffering from pneumonia, liver.

Gram-positive coccus-shaped microaerophile mesophilic animal pathogen genome sequence 16S sequence

Name and taxonomic classification

SI-ID 8055

LMG 16735,CCUG 35103,NCTC 12719,ATCC 51973,CIP 104665,NCIMB 13401,DSM 15635

@ref 20215

Last LPSN update 2026-02-09 11:21:31

Domain Bacteria

Phylum Bacillota

Class Bacilli

Order Lactobacillales

Family Streptococcaceae

Genus Streptococcus

Species Streptococcus phocae subsp. phocae

Full scientific name Streptococcus phocae subsp. phocae (Skaar et al. 1994) Avendaño-Herrera et al. 2014

Morphology

Cell morphology

@ref	Gram stain	Cell shape	Motility	Confidence
121802	positive	coccus-shaped
125438				90.037

Colony morphology

121802

Hemolysis ability1

Culture and growth conditions

Culture medium

@ref	Name	Medium link	Composition
6007	TRYPTICASE SOY YEAST EXTRACT MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 92)	Medium recipe at MediaDive	Name: TRYPTICASE SOY YEAST EXTRACT MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 92) Composition: Trypticase soy broth 30.0 g/l Agar 15.0 g/l Yeast extract 3.0 g/l Distilled water
41264	MEDIUM 6 - Columbia agar with 10 % horse blood		Distilled water make up to (1000.000 ml);Columbia agar (39.000 g);Horseblood (100.000 ml)
121802	CIP Medium 6	Medium recipe at CIP

Culture temp

@ref	Growth	Type	Temperature (°C)	Range
6007	positive	growth	37	mesophilic
41264	positive	growth	37	mesophilic
52517	positive	growth	30-37	mesophilic
121802	positive	growth	30-37	mesophilic
121802	negative	growth	10
121802	negative	growth	45

Physiology and metabolism

Oxygen tolerance

@ref	Oxygen tolerance	Confidence
6007	microaerophile
52517	aerobe
52517	microaerophile
121802	facultative anaerobe
125439	microaerophile	93.2

Spore formation

@ref	Spore formation	Confidence
125438		90.204
125439		96.6

Halophily

@ref	Salt	Growth	Tested relation	Concentration
121802	NaCl		growth	6.5 %

Metabolite utilization

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Utilization activity	Kind of utilization tested
68381	40585 ChEBI	alpha-cyclodextrin	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	27613 ChEBI	amygdalin	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	18305 ChEBI	arbutin	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	29016 ChEBI	arginine	-	hydrolysis	from API rID32STR
68371	17057 ChEBI	cellobiose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17108 ChEBI	D-arabinose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	18333 ChEBI	D-arabitol	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	18333 ChEBI	D-arabitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	15824 ChEBI	D-fructose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	28847 ChEBI	D-fucose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	12936 ChEBI	D-galactose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17634 ChEBI	D-glucose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	62318 ChEBI	D-lyxose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	16899 ChEBI	D-mannitol	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	16899 ChEBI	D-mannitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	16024 ChEBI	D-mannose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	16988 ChEBI	D-ribose	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	16988 ChEBI	D-ribose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17924 ChEBI	D-sorbitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	16443 ChEBI	D-tagatose	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	16443 ChEBI	D-tagatose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	65327 ChEBI	D-xylose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17113 ChEBI	erythritol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
121802	4853 ChEBI	esculin	-	hydrolysis
68371	4853 ChEBI	esculin	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	16813 ChEBI	galactitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	28066 ChEBI	gentiobiose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	24265 ChEBI	gluconate	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17754 ChEBI	glycerol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	28087 ChEBI	glycogen	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	28087 ChEBI	glycogen	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	606565 ChEBI	hippurate	-	hydrolysis	from API rID32STR
68371	15443 ChEBI	inulin	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	30849 ChEBI	L-arabinose	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	30849 ChEBI	L-arabinose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	18403 ChEBI	L-arabitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	18287 ChEBI	L-fucose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	62345 ChEBI	L-rhamnose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17266 ChEBI	L-sorbose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	65328 ChEBI	L-xylose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	17716 ChEBI	lactose	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	17716 ChEBI	lactose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	17306 ChEBI	maltose	+	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	17306 ChEBI	maltose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	6731 ChEBI	melezitose	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	6731 ChEBI	melezitose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	28053 ChEBI	melibiose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	28053 ChEBI	melibiose	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	320061 ChEBI	methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	43943 ChEBI	methyl alpha-D-mannoside	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	320055 ChEBI	methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	74863 ChEBI	methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17268 ChEBI	myo-inositol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	59640 ChEBI	N-acetylglucosamine	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
121802	17632 ChEBI	nitrate	-	reduction
121802	16301 ChEBI	nitrite	-	reduction
68371		Potassium 2-ketogluconate	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	27941 ChEBI	pullulan	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68381	16634 ChEBI	raffinose	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	16634 ChEBI	raffinose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	15963 ChEBI	ribitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17814 ChEBI	salicin	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	30911 ChEBI	sorbitol	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	28017 ChEBI	starch	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	17992 ChEBI	sucrose	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	17992 ChEBI	sucrose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	27082 ChEBI	trehalose	-	builds acid from	from API rID32STR
68371	27082 ChEBI	trehalose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	32528 ChEBI	turanose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68381	16199 ChEBI	urea	-	hydrolysis	from API rID32STR
68371	17151 ChEBI	xylitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid

Metabolite production

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Production
68381	15688 ChEBI	acetoin		from API rID32STR

Metabolite tests

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Voges-proskauer-test
68381	15688 ChEBI	acetoin	-	from API rID32STR
121802	15688 ChEBI	acetoin	-

Enzymes

@ref	Value	Activity	Ec
68382	acid phosphatase	+	3.1.3.2	from API zym
68381	Alanyl-Phenylalanyl-Proline arylamidase	+		from API rID32STR
121802	alcohol dehydrogenase	+	1.1.1.1
68381	alkaline phosphatase	+	3.1.3.1	from API rID32STR
68382	alkaline phosphatase	+	3.1.3.1	from API zym
68382	alpha-chymotrypsin	-	3.4.21.1	from API zym
68382	alpha-fucosidase	-	3.2.1.51	from API zym
68381	alpha-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.22	from API rID32STR
68382	alpha-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.22	from API zym
68382	alpha-glucosidase	+	3.2.1.20	from API zym
68382	alpha-mannosidase	-	3.2.1.24	from API zym
68381	arginine dihydrolase	-	3.5.3.6	from API rID32STR
68382	beta-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.23	from API zym
121802	beta-galactosidase	+	3.2.1.23
68381	beta-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.23	from API rID32STR
68381	beta-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.21	from API rID32STR
68382	beta-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.21	from API zym
68381	beta-glucuronidase	-	3.2.1.31	from API rID32STR
68382	beta-glucuronidase	-	3.2.1.31	from API zym
68381	beta-mannosidase	-	3.2.1.25	from API rID32STR
121802	catalase	-	1.11.1.6
68382	cystine arylamidase	-	3.4.11.3	from API zym
68382	esterase (C 4)	+		from API zym
68382	esterase lipase (C 8)	+		from API zym
68381	glycyl tryptophan arylamidase	-		from API rID32STR
68382	leucine arylamidase	+	3.4.11.1	from API zym
68382	lipase (C 14)	-		from API zym
121802	lysine decarboxylase	-	4.1.1.18
68381	N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase	-	3.2.1.52	from API rID32STR
68382	N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase	-	3.2.1.52	from API zym
68382	naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase	+		from API zym
121802	ornithine decarboxylase	-	4.1.1.17
68381	pyrrolidonyl arylamidase	-	3.4.19.3	from API rID32STR
68382	trypsin	-	3.4.21.4	from API zym
68381	urease	-	3.5.1.5	from API rID32STR
68382	valine arylamidase	+		from API zym

API zym

@ref	Control	Alkaline phosphatase	Esterase (C 4)	2-naphtyl caprylateEsterase Lipase (C 8)	Lipase (C 14)	L-leucyl-2-naphthylamideLeucine arylamidase	L-valyl-2-naphthylamideValine arylamidase	L-cystyl-2-naphthylamideCystine arylamidase	Trypsin	alpha- Chymotrypsin	Acid phosphatase	Naphthol-AS-BI-phosphateNaphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase	alpha- Galactosidase	beta- Galactosidase	beta- Glucuronidase	alpha- Glucosidase	beta- Glucosidase	N-acetyl-beta- glucosaminidase	alpha- Mannosidase	alpha- Fucosidase
121802	-	+	+	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-

API 50CHac

@ref	ControlQ	GLY	ERY	DARA	LARA	RIB	DXYL	LXYL	ADO	MDX	GAL	GLU	FRU	MNE	SBE	RHA	DUL	INO	MAN	SOR	MDM	MDG	NAG	AMY	ARB	ESC	SAL	CEL	MAL	LAC	MEL	SAC	TRE	INU	MLZ	RAF	AMD	GLYG	XLT	GEN	TUR	LYX	TAG	DFUC	LFUC	DARL	LARL	GNT	2KG	5KG
121802	not determinedn.d.	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-

API rID32STR

@ref	ADH (Arg)	beta GLU	beta GAR	beta GUR	alpha GAL	PAL	RIB	MAN	SOR	LAC	TRE	RAF	SAC	LARA	DARL	Acid from alpha-cyclodextrinCDEX	Acetoin production (Voges Proskauer test)VP	Alanyl-Phenylalanyl-Proline arylamidaseAPPA	beta GAL	Pyrrolidonyl arylamidasePyrA	N-Acetyl-glucosaminidasebeta NAG	Glycyl-tryptophan arylamidaseGTA	HIP	GLYG	PUL	MAL	MEL	MLZ	Acidification of methyl beta-D-glucopyranosideMbeta DG	TAG	beta MAN	URE
6007	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-

Isolation, sampling and environmental information

Isolation source categories

Cat1	Cat2	Cat3
#Infection	#Disease	-
#Host	#Mammals	-
#Host Body-Site	#Organ	#Liver
#Host Body-Site	#Oral cavity and airways	#Lung

Isolation

@ref	Sample type	Host species	Geographic location	Country	Country ISO 3 Code	Continent	Sampling date
6007	harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) suffering from pneumonia, liver	Phoca vitulina	Oslo	Norway	NOR	Europe
52517	Seal liver,pneumonia		Oslo	Norway	NOR	Europe	1988
121802	Liver of a seal			Norway	NOR	Europe

Interaction and safety

Risk assessment

@ref	Pathogenicity animal	Biosafety level	Biosafety level comment
6007		2	Risk group (German classification) According to TRBA 466
121802		2	Risk group (French classification) According to TRBA 466

Sequence information

Genome sequences

@ref	Description	Assembly level	INSDC accession	BV-BRC accession	IMG accession	NCBI tax ID	Score
66792	ASM130226v1 assembly for Streptococcus phocae ATCC 51973	contig	GCA_001302265	119224.3	2645727566	119224	60.14

16S sequences

@ref	Description	Accession	Length	NCBI tax ID
20218	Streptococcus phocae 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence	AF235052	1547	119224
20218	Streptococcus phocae strain NCTC 12719 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region, complete sequence	AF489596	320	119224
6007	Streptococcus phocae partial 16S rRNA gene, strain CCUG 35103	AJ621053	1486	119224

GC content

6007

GC-content (mol%)38.6

Genome-based predictions

Predictions

Predictions from Deep Learning for Genome Sequence Data. R package version 0.3.1 based on: Streptococcus phocae ATCC 51973
NCBI: GCA_001302265

@ref	Trait	Model	Prediction	Confidence in %	In training data
125439	oxygen_tolerance	BacteriaNetⓘ	microaerophile	93.20	no
125439	gram_stain	BacteriaNetⓘ	negative	62.20	no
125439	motility	BacteriaNetⓘ	no	73.50	no
125439	spore_formation	BacteriaNetⓘ	no	96.60	no

Predictions from bacterial phenotypic traits through improved machine learning using high-quality, curated datasets based on: Streptococcus phocae strain ATCC 51973
PATRIC: 119224.3

@ref	Trait	Model	Prediction	Confidence in %	In training data
125438	gram-positive	gram-positiveⓘ	yes	87.07	no
125438	anaerobic	anaerobicⓘ	no	93.56	yes
125438	spore-forming	spore-formingⓘ	no	90.20	no
125438	aerobic	aerobicⓘ	no	97.18	no
125438	thermophilic	thermophileⓘ	no	97.47	no
125438	flagellated	motile2+ⓘ	no	90.04	no

Literature

Topic	Title	Authors	Journal	DOI	Year
Enzymology	Streptococcus phocae isolated from a spotted seal (Phoca largha) with pyometra in Alaska.	Hueffer K, Lieske CL, McGilvary LM, Hare RF, Miller DL, O'Hara TM.	J Zoo Wildl Med	10.1638/2010-0064.1	2011
Enzymology	Identification and molecular characterization of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) of the German North and Baltic Seas.	Vossen A, Abdulmawjood A, Lammler C, Weiss R, Siebert U.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.42.1.469-473.2004	2004
	Streptococcus phocae-Associated Pyothorax Secondary to Verminous Perforative Esophagitis in a Juvenile Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) in the UK.	Payne IL, Hernandez Orts JS, Thornton SM, Rich AF.	J Wildl Dis	10.7589/jwd-d-24-00171	2025
	SUPERFICIAL CERVICAL LYMPHADENITIS ASSOCIATED WITH STREPTOCOCCUS PHOCAE IN FIVE COMMON BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS): A CASE SERIES.	Ross K, Le-Bert CR, Goe A, Meegan J, Johnson S, McClain A, Linnehan B, Lutmerding E, Gomez F, Smith CR, Ivancic M, Terio K, Colegrove K, Jensen E.	J Zoo Wildl Med	10.1638/2022-0014	2023
Genetics	First finding of Streptococcus phocae infections in mink (Neovison vison).	Nikolaisen NK, Lindegaard M, Lyhs U, Strube ML, Hansen MS, Struve T, Chriel M, Jensen LB, Pedersen K.	Res Vet Sci	10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.07.015	2021
	Survival and adaptation of Streptococcus phocae in host environments.	Numberger D, Siebert U, Valentin Weigand P.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0296368	2024
	CLINICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LYMPH NODE ABSCESSATION IN PUP AND YEARLING CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS) UNDERGOING REHABILITATION IN A MARINE MAMMAL CENTER.	Ready ZC, Whitmer ER, Wright SE, Rios C, Duignan PJ, Field CL.	J Zoo Wildl Med	10.1638/2020-0225	2021
	TrexAB, a novel tetracycline resistance determinant in Streptococcus dysgalactiae.	Glambek M, Kjos M, Marli MT, Salehian Z, Skrede S, Sivertsen A, Kittang BR, Oppegaard O.	Front Cell Infect Microbiol	10.3389/fcimb.2025.1583926	2025
	Novel peeling skin condition in neonatal Pacific walruses, Saint Lawrence Island, Alaska, USA.	Stimmelmayr R, Rotstein D, Sanchez S, Baird A, Sheffield G, Snyder JA.	J Vet Diagn Invest	10.1177/10406387231200577	2023
	Investigations on the Health Status and Infection Risk of Harbour Seals (Phoca vitulina) from Waters of the Lower Saxon Wadden Sea, Germany.	Siebert U, Lakemeyer J, Runge M, Lienau P, Braune S, Bartelt E, Grilo ML, Pund R.	Animals (Basel)	10.3390/ani14202920	2024
Pathogenicity	Heartworm and seal louse: Trends in prevalence, characterisation of impact and transmission pathways in a unique parasite assembly on seals in the North and Baltic Sea.	Herzog I, Wohlsein P, Preuss A, Gorb SN, Pigeault R, Ewers C, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Siebert U, Lehnert K.	Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl	10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.100898	2024
Phylogeny	STREPTOCOCCUS PHOCAE IN MARINE MAMMALS OF NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC AND ARCTIC CANADA: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF 85 POSTMORTEM INVESTIGATIONS.	Taurisano ND, Butler BP, Stone D, Hariharan H, Fields PJ, Ferguson HW, Haulena M, Cotrell P, Nielsen O, Raverty S.	J Wildl Dis	10.7589/2016-09-208	2018
Phylogeny	Coinfection by Streptococcus phocae and cetacean morbillivirus in a short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis.	Diaz-Delgado J, Sierra E, Vela AI, Arbelo M, Zucca D, Groch KR, Fernandez A.	Dis Aquat Organ	10.3354/dao03124	2017
	Nasopulmonary mites (Acari: Halarachnidae) as potential vectors of bacterial pathogens, including Streptococcus phocae, in marine mammals.	Pesapane R, Chaves A, Foley J, Javeed N, Barnum S, Greenwald K, Dodd E, Fontaine C, Duignan P, Murray M, Miller M.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0270009	2022
Genetics	Isolation and Characterization of Novel Reassortant Influenza A(H10N7) Virus in a Harbor Seal, British Columbia, Canada.	Berhane Y, Joseph T, Lung O, Embury-Hyatt C, Xu W, Cottrell P, Raverty S.	Emerg Infect Dis	10.3201/eid2807.212302	2022
	PREVALENCE, PATHOLOGY, AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH STREPTOCOCCUS PHOCAE INFECTION IN SOUTHERN SEA OTTERS (ENHYDRA LUTRIS NEREIS), 2004-10.	Bartlett G, Smith W, Dominik C, Batac F, Dodd E, Byrne BA, Jang S, Jessup D, Chantrey J, Miller M.	J Wildl Dis	10.7589/2015-02-048	2016
	Fermentative optimization and characterization of exopolysaccharides from Enterococcus faecium F58 isolated from traditional fresh goat cheese.	Zanzan M, Ezzaky Y, Achemchem F, Hamadi F, Valero A, Mamouni R.	Food Sci Biotechnol	10.1007/s10068-023-01424-9	2024
	Genome Sequence of Streptococcus phocae subsp. salmonis Strain C-4T, Isolated from Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar).	Avendano-Herrera R, Suarez R, Lazo E, Bravo D, Llegues KO, Romalde JL, Godoy MG.	Genome Announc	10.1128/genomea.01269-14	2014
	Fatal Streptococcus iniae Infection in a Juvenile Free-Ranging Short-Beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis).	Souter R, Chaber AL, Lee K, Machado A, Lam J, Woolford L.	Animals (Basel)	10.3390/ani11113123	2021
	Iron utilization and siderophore production by Streptococcus phocae isolated from diseased Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)	Retamales J, Gonzalez-Contreras A, Salazar S, Toranzo AE, Avendano-Herrera R.	Aquaculture	10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.047	2012
	Biopreservation of Sardinella longiceps and Penaeus monodon Using Protective Culture Streptococcus phocae PI 80 Isolated from Marine Shrimp Penaeus indicus.	Paari A, Paulraj K, Ramraj S, Neelkandan Y, Vellaiyan P, Siva P, Venkatesan A.	Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins	10.1007/s12602-011-9070-y	2011
	Mixotrophic Cultivation of Dunaliella tertiolecta in Cheese Whey Effluents to Enhance Biomass and Exopolysaccharides (EPS) Production: Biochemical and Functional Insights.	Tsotsouli K, Didos S, Koukaras K, Argiriou A.	Mar Drugs	10.3390/md23030120	2025
Enzymology	Multiplex PCR for the detection of Piscirickettsia salmonis, Vibrio anguillarum, Aeromonas salmonicida and Streptococcus phocae in Chilean marine farms.	Tapia-Cammas D, Yanez A, Arancibia G, Toranzo AE, Avendano-Herrera R.	Dis Aquat Organ	10.3354/dao02395	2011
	Estimation of epidemiological cut-off values for disk diffusion susceptibility test data for Streptococcus phocae	Avendano-Herrera R, Molina A, Magarinos B, Toranzo AE, Smith P.	Aquaculture	10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.01.049	2011
	Surface properties of Streptococcus phocae strains isolated from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.	Gonzalez-Contreras A, Magarinos B, Godoy M, Irgang R, Toranzo AE, Avendano-Herrera R.	J Fish Dis	10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01228.x	2011
	Phylogeography and host specificity of Pasteurellaceae pathogenic to sea-farmed fish in the north-east Atlantic.	Gulla S, Colquhoun DJ, Olsen AB, Spilsberg B, Lagesen K, Akesson CP, Strom S, Manji F, Birkbeck TH, Nilsen HK.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236290	2023
Metabolism	Production and purification of a novel exopolysaccharide from lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus phocae PI80 and its functional characteristics activity in vitro.	Kanmani P, Satish kumar R, Yuvaraj N, Paari KA, Pattukumar V, Arul V.	Bioresour Technol	10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.118	2011
	After the bite: bacterial transmission from grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) to harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena).	Gilbert MJ, IJsseldijk LL, Rubio-Garcia A, Grone A, Duim B, Rossen J, Zomer AL, Wagenaar JA.	R Soc Open Sci	10.1098/rsos.192079	2020
Metabolism	Purification and characterization of phocaecin PI80: an anti-listerial bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus phocae PI80 Isolated from the gut of Peneaus indicus (Indian white shrimp).	Satish Kumar R, Arul V.	J Microbiol Biotechnol	10.4014/jmb.0901.003	2009
Metabolism	Application of response surface methodology in the optimisation of a growth medium for enhanced natural preservative bacteriocin production by a probiotic bacterium.	Kanmani P, Kumar RS, Yuvaraj N, Paari KA, Pattukumar V, Arul V.	Nat Prod Res	10.1080/14786419.2011.565474	2012
	Inhibitory activity of probiotics Streptococcus phocae PI80 and Enterococcus faecium MC13 against Vibriosis in shrimp Penaeus monodon	Swain SM, Singh C, Arul V.	World J Microbiol Biotechnol	10.1007/s11274-008-9939-4	2009
Phylogeny	Simultaneous evaluation of four PCR primer sets for the diagnosis of Streptococcus phocae infection.	Avendano-Herrera R.	Dis Aquat Organ	10.3354/dao01994	2008
	First report of a severe nasopulmonary acariasis caused by Orthohalarachne diminuata Doetschman, 1944 (Acari: Halarachnidae) in a captive South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens Shaw, 1800).	Ebmer D, Kniha E, Strauss V, Kubber-Heiss A, Komornik L, Balfanz F, Hering-Hagenbeck S, Walochnik J, Gartner U, Prosl H, Taubert A, Voracek T, Hermosilla C.	Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl	10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.10.005	2022
	A Review of Circumpolar Arctic Marine Mammal Health-A Call to Action in a Time of Rapid Environmental Change.	Barratclough A, Ferguson SH, Lydersen C, Thomas PO, Kovacs KM.	Pathogens	10.3390/pathogens12070937	2023
Genetics	Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantations in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) using metagenomic sequencing.	Linnehan BK, Kodera SM, Allard SM, Brodie EC, Allaband C, Knight R, Lutz HL, Carroll MC, Meegan JM, Jensen ED, Gilbert JA.	J Appl Microbiol	10.1093/jambio/lxae026	2024
	Pup mortality in New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) at Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, 2013-18.	Michael SA, Hayman DTS, Gray R, Zhang J, Rogers L, Roe WD.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0225461	2019
Phylogeny	Streptococcus phocae, an emerging pathogen for salmonid culture.	Romalde JL, Ravelo C, Valdes I, Magarinos B, de la Fuente E, Martin CS, Avendano-Herrera R, Toranzo AE.	Vet Microbiol	10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.021	2008
	Optimization of media components for enhanced production of streptococcus phocae pi80 and its bacteriocin using response surface methodology.	Kanmani P, Satish Kumar R, Yuvaraj N, Paari KA, Pattukumar V, Arul V.	Braz J Microbiol	10.1590/s1517-838220110002000038	2011
	Development of animal models for emerging infectious diseases by breaking the barrier of species susceptibility to human pathogens.	Rong N, Liu J.	Emerg Microbes Infect	10.1080/22221751.2023.2178242	2023
Enzymology	PCR amplification of species specific sequences of 16S rDNA and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region for identification of Streptococcus phocae.	Hassan AA, Vossen A, Lammler C, Siebert U, Fernandez-Garayzabal JF.	Microbiol Res	10.1016/j.micres.2006.01.017	2008
	A novel proteinaceous molecule produced by Lysinibacillus sp. OF-1 depends on the Ami oligopeptide transporter to kill Streptococcus pneumoniae.	Hauge IH, Sandegren V, Winther AR, Boe CA, Salehian Z, Havarstein LS, Kjos M, Straume D.	Microbiology (Reading)	10.1099/mic.0.001313	2023
Phylogeny	Characterization of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) stranded along the California coast.	Imai D, Jang S, Miller M, Conrad PA.	Vet Microbiol	10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.11.009	2009
	Pathology, microbiology, and genetic diversity associated with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and novel Erysipelothrix spp. infections in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis).	Chang RK, Miller MA, Tekedar HC, Rose D, Garcia JC, LaFrentz BR, Older CE, Waldbieser GC, Pomaranski E, Shahin K, Camus AC, Batac F, Byrne BA, Murray MJ, Griffin MJ, Soto E.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2023.1303235	2023
	Determination of species-specific sequences of superoxide dismutase A encoding gene sodA and chaperonin 60 encoding gene cpn60 for identification and phylogenetic analysis of Streptococcus phocae.	Alber J, El-Sayed A, Lammler C, Hassan AA, Vossen A, Siebert U.	Vet Microbiol	10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.03.018	2004
	Clinical parameters of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae disease and ivermectin treatment in New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) pups.	Michael SA, Hayman DTS, Gray R, Roe WD.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0264582	2022
	Streptococcus halichoeri: Comparative Genomics of an Emerging Pathogen.	Aaltonen K, Kant R, Eklund M, Raunio-Saarnisto M, Paulin L, Vapalahti O, Gronthal T, Rantala M, Sironen T.	Int J Genomics	10.1155/2020/8708305	2020
Pathogenicity	Production, Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of an Extracellular Polysaccharide from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa YL-1 Isolated from Sea Salt Field.	Li H, Huang L, Zhang Y, Yan Y.	Mar Drugs	10.3390/md18120595	2020
	Experimental infection of Enterococcus faecalis in red tilapia (Oreochromis hybrid) revealed low pathogenicity to cause streptococcosis.	Rizkiantino R, Pasaribu FH, Soejoedono RD, Purnama S, Wibowo DB, Wibawan IWT.	Open Vet J	10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i2.16	2021
	Characterization of Structural and Physicochemical Properties of an Exopolysaccharide Produced by Enterococcus sp. F2 From Fermented Soya Beans.	Jiang G, Gan L, Li X, He J, Zhang S, Chen J, Zhang R, Xu Z, Tian Y.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2021.744007	2021
	Biofilm Produced In Vitro by Piscirickettsia salmonis Generates Differential Cytotoxicity Levels and Expression Patterns of Immune Genes in the Atlantic Salmon Cell Line SHK-1.	Santibanez N, Vega M, Perez T, Yanez A, Gonzalez-Stegmaier R, Figueroa J, Enriquez R, Oliver C, Romero A.	Microorganisms	10.3390/microorganisms8101609	2020
	The 2000 canine distemper epidemic in Caspian seals (Phoca caspica): pathology and analysis of contributory factors.	Kuiken T, Kennedy S, Barrett T, Van de Bildt MW, Borgsteede FH, Brew SD, Codd GA, Duck C, Deaville R, Eybatov T, Forsyth MA, Foster G, Jepson PD, Kydyrmanov A, Mitrofanov I, Ward CJ, Wilson S, Osterhaus AD.	Vet Pathol	10.1354/vp.43-3-321	2006
Enzymology	Streptococcus phocae infections associated with starvation in Cape fur seals.	Henton MM, Zapke O, Basson PA.	J S Afr Vet Assoc	10.4102/jsava.v70i2.763	1999
	Preliminary characterization, antioxidant properties and production of chrysolaminarin from marine diatom Odontella aurita.	Xia S, Gao B, Li A, Xiong J, Ao Z, Zhang C.	Mar Drugs	10.3390/md12094883	2014
	Improved understanding of biofilm development by Piscirickettsia salmonis reveals potential risks for the persistence and dissemination of piscirickettsiosis.	Levipan HA, Irgang R, Yanez A, Avendano-Herrera R.	Sci Rep	10.1038/s41598-020-68990-4	2020
	Occurrence of Transferable Integrons and sul and dfr Genes Among Sulfonamide-and/or Trimethoprim-Resistant Bacteria Isolated From Chilean Salmonid Farms.	Dominguez M, Miranda CD, Fuentes O, de la Fuente M, Godoy FA, Bello-Toledo H, Gonzalez-Rocha G.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2019.00748	2019
Genetics	Streptococcus canis Are a Single Population Infecting Multiple Animal Hosts Despite the Diversity of the Universally Present M-Like Protein SCM.	Pinho MD, Foster G, Pomba C, Machado MP, Baily JL, Kuiken T, Melo-Cristino J, Ramirez M, Portuguese Group for the Study of Streptococcal Infections.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2019.00631	2019
	Microbial Competition of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UANL-001L and E. coli increase biosynthesis of Non-Toxic Exopolysaccharide with Applications as a Wide-Spectrum Antimicrobial.	Vazquez-Rodriguez A, Vasto-Anzaldo XG, Barboza Perez D, Vazquez-Garza E, Chapoy-Villanueva H, Garcia-Rivas G, Garza-Cervantes JA, Gomez-Lugo JJ, Gomez-Loredo AE, Garza Gonzalez MT, Zarate X, Morones-Ramirez JR.	Sci Rep	10.1038/s41598-017-17908-8	2018
	Bartonella spp. exposure in northern and southern sea otters in Alaska and California.	Carrasco SE, Chomel BB, Gill VA, Doroff AM, Miller MA, Burek-Huntington KA, Kasten RW, Byrne BA, Goldstein T, Mazet JA.	Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis	10.1089/vbz.2014.1612	2014
Pathogenicity	Antibiofilm activity of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 capsular polysaccharide.	Karwacki MT, Kadouri DE, Bendaoud M, Izano EA, Sampathkumar V, Inzana TJ, Kaplan JB.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0063844	2013
	An Update on Novel Taxa and Revised Taxonomic Status of Bacteria (Including Members of the Phylum Planctomycetota) Isolated from Aquatic Host Species Described in 2018 to 2021.	Burbick CR, Munson E, Lawhon SD, Zapp A, Villaflor M, Thelen E.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.01426-22	2023
	Influenza A (H10N7) Virus Causes Respiratory Tract Disease in Harbor Seals and Ferrets.	van den Brand JM, Wohlsein P, Herfst S, Bodewes R, Pfankuche VM, van de Bildt MW, Seehusen F, Puff C, Richard M, Siebert U, Lehnert K, Bestebroer T, Lexmond P, Fouchier RA, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Herbst W, Koopmans M, Osterhaus AD, Kuiken T, Baumgartner W.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0159625	2016
	Stress Tolerance-Related Genetic Traits of Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum in a Mature Biofilm.	Levipan HA, Quezada J, Avendano-Herrera R.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2018.00018	2018
	Streptococcosis a Re-Emerging Disease in Aquaculture: Significance and Phytotherapy.	Van Doan H, Soltani M, Leitao A, Shafiei S, Asadi S, Lymbery AJ, Ringo E.	Animals (Basel)	10.3390/ani12182443	2022
	Anti-biofilm activity: a function of Klebsiella pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide.	Goncalves Mdos S, Delattre C, Balestrino D, Charbonnel N, Elboutachfaiti R, Wadouachi A, Badel S, Bernardi T, Michaud P, Forestier C.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0099995	2014
	Pathologic findings and causes of death of stranded cetaceans in the Canary Islands (2006-2012).	Diaz-Delgado J, Fernandez A, Sierra E, Sacchini S, Andrada M, Vela AI, Quesada-Canales O, Paz Y, Zucca D, Groch K, Arbelo M.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0204444	2018
	A protozoal-associated epizootic impacting marine wildlife: mass-mortality of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) due to Sarcocystis neurona infection.	Miller MA, Conrad PA, Harris M, Hatfield B, Langlois G, Jessup DA, Magargal SL, Packham AE, Toy-Choutka S, Melli AC, Murray MA, Gulland FM, Grigg ME.	Vet Parasitol	10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.05.019	2010
Metabolism	Arabinose induces pellicle formation by Vibrio fischeri.	Visick KL, Quirke KP, McEwen SM.	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/aem.03526-12	2013
Enzymology	IgM cleavage by Streptococcus suis reduces IgM bound to the bacterial surface and is a novel complement evasion mechanism.	Rungelrath V, Weisse C, Schutze N, Muller U, Meurer M, Rohde M, Seele J, Valentin-Weigand P, Kirschfink M, Beineke A, Schrodl W, Bergmann R, Baums CG.	Virulence	10.1080/21505594.2018.1496778	2018
Enzymology	Ultrastructural and molecular confirmation of the development of Sarcocystis neurona tissue cysts in the central nervous system of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis).	Miller MA, Barr BC, Nordhausen R, James ER, Magargal SL, Murray M, Conrad PA, Toy-Choutka S, Jessup DA, Grigg ME.	Int J Parasitol	10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.04.014	2009
Phylogeny	Delineation of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, its subspecies, and its clinical and phylogenetic relationship to Streptococcus pyogenes.	Jensen A, Kilian M.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.05900-11	2012
Genetics	Comparative genome analysis of two Streptococcus phocae subspecies provides novel insights into pathogenicity.	Bethke J, Avendano-Herrera R	Mar Genomics	10.1016/j.margen.2016.09.005	2016
	Comparative analysis of innate immune responses to Streptococcus phocae strains in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).	Salazar S, Oliver C, Yanez AJ, Avendano-Herrera R	Fish Shellfish Immunol	10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.005	2016
Genetics	Genome Sequence of Streptococcus phocae subsp. phocae Strain ATCC 51973T Isolated from a Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina).	Avendano-Herrera R, Poblete-Morales M	Genome Announc	10.1128/genomeA.01307-15	2015
Pathogenicity	Infectivity study of Streptococcus phocae to seven fish and mammalian cell lines by confocal microscopy.	Cortez-San Martin M, Gonzalez-Contreras A, Avendano-Herrera R	J Fish Dis	10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01361.x	2012
Phylogeny	Genetic characterization of Streptococcus phocae strains isolated from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Chile.	Valdes I, Jaureguiberry B, Romalde JL, Toranzo AE, Magarinos B, Avendano-Herrera R	J Fish Dis	10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.01014.x	2009
Phylogeny	Comparative polyphasic characterization of Streptococcus phocae strains with different host origin and description of the subspecies Streptococcus phocae subsp. salmonis subsp. nov.	Avendano-Herrera R, Balboa S, Castro N, Gonzalez-Contreras A, Magarinos B, Fernandez J, Toranzo AE, Romalde JL.	Int J Syst Evol Microbiol	10.1099/ijs.0.056978-0	2014
Phylogeny	Streptococcus phocae sp. nov., a new species isolated from clinical specimens from seals.	Skaar I, Gaustad P, Tonjum T, Holm B, Stenwig H	Int J Syst Bacteriol	10.1099/00207713-44-4-646	1994

References

#6007	Leibniz Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH ; Curators of the DSMZ; DSM 15635
#20215	Parte, A.C., Sardà Carbasse, J., Meier-Kolthoff, J.P., Reimer, L.C. and Göker, M.: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. IJSEM ( DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.004332 )
#20218	Verslyppe, B., De Smet, W., De Baets, B., De Vos, P., Dawyndt P.: StrainInfo introduces electronic passports for microorganisms.. Syst Appl Microbiol. 37: 42 - 50 2014 ( DOI 10.1016/j.syapm.2013.11.002 , PubMed 24321274 )
#41264	; Curators of the CIP;
#52517	Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG) ; Curators of the CCUG; CCUG 35103
#66792	Julia Koblitz, Joaquim Sardà, Lorenz Christian Reimer, Boyke Bunk, Jörg Overmann: Automatically annotated for the DiASPora project (Digital Approaches for the Synthesis of Poorly Accessible Biodiversity Information) .
#68371	Automatically annotated from API 50CH acid .
#68381	Automatically annotated from API rID32STR .
#68382	Automatically annotated from API zym .
#121802	Collection of Institut Pasteur ; Curators of the CIP; CIP 104665
#125438	Julia Koblitz, Lorenz Christian Reimer, Rüdiger Pukall, Jörg Overmann: Predicting bacterial phenotypic traits through improved machine learning using high-quality, curated datasets. 2024 ( DOI 10.1101/2024.08.12.607695 )
#125439	Philipp Münch, René Mreches, Martin Binder, Hüseyin Anil Gündüz, Xiao-Yin To, Alice McHardy: deepG: Deep Learning for Genome Sequence Data. R package version 0.3.1 .
#126262	A. Lissin, I. Schober, J. F. Witte, H. Lüken, A. Podstawka, J. Koblitz, B. Bunk, P. Dawyndt, P. Vandamme, P. de Vos, J. Overmann, L. C. Reimer: StrainInfo—the central database for linked microbial strain identifiers. ( DOI 10.1093/database/baaf059 )

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Streptococcus phocae subsp. phocae (DSM 15635, ATCC 51973, CCUG 35103)

Name and taxonomic classification

Morphology

Cell morphology

Colony morphology

Culture and growth conditions

Culture medium

Culture temp

Physiology and metabolism

Oxygen tolerance

Spore formation

Halophily

Metabolite utilization

Metabolite production

Metabolite tests

Enzymes

API zym

API 50CHac

API rID32STR

Isolation, sampling and environmental information

Isolation source categories

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Interaction and safety

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Sequence information

Genome sequences

Genome browser: GCA_001302265

16S sequences

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