Clostridioides difficile (DSM 1296, ATCC 9689, NCIB 10666)

Name: Clostridioides difficile (DSM 1296, ATCC 9689, NCIB 10666)
Creator: BacDive
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

BacDive ID 2582

Type strain

Strain Designation 1780, McClung 1780, 90556-M6S, 10008

Culture col. no. DSM 1296 ATCC 9689 NCIB 10666 NCTC 11209 CCUG 4938 12 more

NCBI tax ID(s) 1496

Special Collections DSMZ CCUG JCM CIP DZIF

Links

Clostridioides difficile 1780 is an anaerobe, spore-forming, mesophilic human pathogen that produces toxins and was isolated from Human feces.

toxin production spore-forming rod-shaped anaerobe mesophilic human pathogen genome sequence 16S sequence

Name and taxonomic classification

SI-ID 377146

LMG 15861,ATCC 9689,CCRC 10642,CCUG 4938,DSM 1296,JCM 1296,NCIMB 10666,NCTC 11209,CIP 104282,NCIB 10666,CECT 531,KCTC 3264,KCTC 5009,LMG 21717,BCRC 10642,VTT E-001746,VTT E-011964,AS 1.2184

@ref 20215

Last LPSN update 2025-12-16 09:47:20

Domain Bacillati

Phylum Bacillota

Class Clostridia

Order Peptostreptococcales

Family Peptostreptococcaceae

Genus Clostridioides

Species Clostridioides difficile

Full scientific name Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Lawson et al. 2016

Synonyms (3)

"Peptoclostridium difficile"
"Bacillus difficilis"
Clostridium difficile

BacDive ID	Other strains from **Clostridioides difficile** (81)	Type strain
2583	C. difficile AA1, DSM 12056
2584	C. difficile A90, DSM 12057
22963	C. difficile R20291, DSM 27147, NCTC 13366
23853	C. difficile 630, DSM 27543, ATCC BAA-1382, NCTC 13307
23854	C. difficile 1470, DSM 27544, ATCC 43598, NCTC 13569, ...
23855	C. difficile 630 Delta erm, DSM 28645
134676	C. difficile CD196, CIP 107932
134703	C. difficile CIP 109239
135237	C. difficile W 1194, CIP 104903, ATCC 43594, CCUG 37779
135760	C. difficile CIP 110322
137137	C. difficile CIP 109238
137139	C. difficile CIP 109240, ATCC 43255, CCUG 19126, VPI 10463
138126	C. difficile 2149, CIP 104905, ATCC 43600, CCUG 37784
138128	C. difficile 545, CIP 104904, ATCC 43596, CCUG 37766
141963	C. difficile CCUG 8884
141965	C. difficile CCUG 9004
141966	C. difficile CCUG 9018
143578	C. difficile CCUG 20309
143948	C. difficile CCUG 22019
143949	C. difficile CCUG 22020
143950	C. difficile CCUG 22023
145666	C. difficile CCUG 29183
148544	C. difficile CCUG 35620
149446	C. difficile CCUG 37767
149447	C. difficile CCUG 37768
149448	C. difficile CCUG 37769
149449	C. difficile CCUG 37770
149450	C. difficile CCUG 37771
149451	C. difficile CCUG 37772
149452	C. difficile CCUG 37773
149453	C. difficile CCUG 37774
149454	C. difficile CCUG 37775
149455	C. difficile CCUG 37776
149456	C. difficile CCUG 37777
149457	C. difficile CCUG 37778
149458	C. difficile CCUG 37780, ATCC 43593
149459	C. difficile CCUG 37781, ATCC 43597
149460	C. difficile CCUG 37783, ATCC 43599
149461	C. difficile CCUG 37785, ATCC 43601
149462	C. difficile CCUG 37787, ATCC 43603
149536	C. difficile CCUG 37922
151958	C. difficile CCUG 45344
151959	C. difficile CCUG 45345
152338	C. difficile CCUG 46468
152339	C. difficile CCUG 46469
152340	C. difficile CCUG 46470
154467	C. difficile CCUG 53741
154468	C. difficile CCUG 53742
154474	C. difficile CCUG 53749
154520	C. difficile CCUG 54206
156075	C. difficile CCUG 60275, LBM 08.01.040
156076	C. difficile CCUG 60276, LBM 08.01.058
156768	C. difficile CCUG 64977
156771	C. difficile CCUG 65028
157662	C. difficile 4167/2013 1, DSM 27638
157663	C. difficile 4167/2013 2, DSM 27639
157664	C. difficile 4167/2013 3, DSM 27640
157665	C. difficile SC037-01-01, 6551/2013, DSM 28196
157666	C. difficile SC052-01-01, DSM 29688
157667	C. difficile SC009-01-01, DSM 29745
157668	C. difficile SC052-02-01, DSM 29747
157669	C. difficile CD-16-113, D/6474/2015, DSM 102978
157670	C. difficile 3525/15, Goe-91, DSM 105001
158911	C. difficile 3022, CD3022, DSM 101085
165126	C. difficile JCM 5243
165127	C. difficile JCM 5244
165128	C. difficile JCM 5245
165129	C. difficile JCM 5246
165130	C. difficile JCM 5247
165131	C. difficile JCM 5248
165132	C. difficile JCM 5249
165133	C. difficile JCM 5250
165134	C. difficile JCM 5251
165135	C. difficile JCM 5252
165136	C. difficile JCM 5253
165137	C. difficile JCM 5254
165138	C. difficile JCM 5256
165139	C. difficile JCM 5257
165140	C. difficile JCM 5258
176413	C. difficile RT 023, DSM 102859
176414	C. difficile RT 127, DSM 102860

Morphology

Cell morphology

@ref	Gram stain	Cell shape
68367		rod-shaped	from API 20A
68367	positive		from API 20A
118934	positive	rod-shaped

Colony morphology

@ref	Type of hemolysis	Incubation period
627	gamma	1-2 days
118934

Culture and growth conditions

Culture medium

@ref	Name	Medium link	Composition
627	FASTIDIOUS ANAEROBE AGAR (DSMZ Medium 1203)	Medium recipe at MediaDive	Name: FASTIDIOUS ANAEROBE AGAR (DSMZ Medium 1203) Composition: Horse blood 100.0 g/l Fastidious Anaerobe Agar 45.7 g/l Distilled water
627	CHOPPED MEAT MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 78)	Medium recipe at MediaDive	Name: CHOPPED MEAT MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 78) Composition: Ground beef 500.0 g/l Casitone 30.0 g/l Agar 15.0 g/l Ethanol 9.5 g/l (optional) K2HPO4 5.0 g/l Yeast extract 5.0 g/l L-Cysteine HCl 0.5 g/l Haemin 0.005 g/l (optional) Resazurin 0.001 g/l Vitamin K3 0.0005 g/l (optional) Vitamin K1 (optional) NaOH (optional) Distilled water
36612	MEDIUM 20 - for Anaerobic bacteria		Agar (15.000 g);Glucose (5.000 g);Yeast extract (20.000 g);Tryptone (30.000 g);Cysteine hydrochloride (0.500 g);distilled water (1000.000 ml);Hemin solution -M00149 (25.000 ml)
118934	CIP Medium 20	Medium recipe at CIP
118934	CIP Medium 187	Medium recipe at CIP

Culture temp

@ref	Growth	Type	Temperature (°C)	Range
627	positive	growth	37	mesophilic
36612	positive	growth	37	mesophilic
44808	positive	growth	37	mesophilic
67770	positive	growth	37	mesophilic

Physiology and metabolism

Oxygen tolerance

@ref	Oxygen tolerance	Confidence
627	anaerobe
44808	anaerobe
118934	anaerobe
125438	anaerobe	91.819
125439	facultative anaerobe	98

Spore formation

@ref	Spore formation
68367		from API 20A
118934

Compound production

627

Compoundclostridium difficile toxin

Metabolite utilization

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Utilization activity	Kind of utilization tested
68367	17057 ChEBI	cellobiose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68380	16024 ChEBI	D-mannose	-	fermentation	from API rID32A
118934	4853 ChEBI	esculin	+	hydrolysis
68367	30849 ChEBI	L-arabinose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68380	29985 ChEBI	L-glutamate	-	degradation	from API rID32A
118934	17632 ChEBI	nitrate	-	reduction
118934	17632 ChEBI	nitrate	+	respiration
68380	17632 ChEBI	nitrate	-	reduction	from API rID32A
118934	16301 ChEBI	nitrite	-	reduction
68380	16634 ChEBI	raffinose	-	fermentation	from API rID32A
68367	16634 ChEBI	raffinose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68367	17992 ChEBI	sucrose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68380	27897 ChEBI	tryptophan	-	energy source	from API rID32A
68380	16199 ChEBI	urea	-	hydrolysis	from API rID32A
68367	16199 ChEBI	urea	-	hydrolysis	from API 20A

Metabolite production

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Production
68380	35581 ChEBI	indole		from API rID32A
118934	35581 ChEBI	indole

Metabolite tests

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Indole test
68380	35581 ChEBI	indole	-	from API rID32A

Enzymes

@ref	Value	Activity	Ec
68382	acid phosphatase	-	3.1.3.2	from API zym
68380	alanine arylamidase	-	3.4.11.2	from API rID32A
68382	alkaline phosphatase	-	3.1.3.1	from API zym
68380	alkaline phosphatase	-	3.1.3.1	from API rID32A
68380	alpha-arabinosidase	-	3.2.1.55	from API rID32A
68382	alpha-chymotrypsin	-	3.4.21.1	from API zym
68382	alpha-fucosidase	-	3.2.1.51	from API zym
68380	alpha-fucosidase	-	3.2.1.51	from API rID32A
68382	alpha-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.22	from API zym
68380	alpha-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.22	from API rID32A
68382	alpha-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.20	from API zym
68382	alpha-mannosidase	-	3.2.1.24	from API zym
118934	amylase	-
68382	beta-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.23	from API zym
118934	beta-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.23
68380	beta-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.23	from API rID32A
68380	beta-Galactosidase 6-phosphate	-		from API rID32A
68382	beta-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.21	from API zym
68380	beta-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.21	from API rID32A
68382	beta-glucuronidase	-	3.2.1.31	from API zym
68380	beta-glucuronidase	-	3.2.1.31	from API rID32A
118934	caseinase	-	3.4.21.50
627	catalase	+	1.11.1.6
68382	cystine arylamidase	-	3.4.11.3	from API zym
627	cytochrome-c oxidase	-	1.9.3.1
118934	DNase	-
68382	esterase (C 4)	+		from API zym
68382	esterase lipase (C 8)	-		from API zym
118934	gelatinase	-
68380	glutamate decarboxylase	-	4.1.1.15	from API rID32A
68380	glutamyl-glutamate arylamidase	-		from API rID32A
68380	glycin arylamidase	-		from API rID32A
68380	histidine arylamidase	-		from API rID32A
68380	L-arginine arylamidase	-		from API rID32A
118934	lecithinase	-
68382	leucine arylamidase	-	3.4.11.1	from API zym
68380	leucine arylamidase	-	3.4.11.1	from API rID32A
68380	leucyl glycin arylamidase	-	3.4.11.1	from API rID32A
118934	lipase	-
68382	lipase (C 14)	-		from API zym
68382	N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase	-	3.2.1.52	from API zym
68380	N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase	-	3.2.1.52	from API rID32A
68382	naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase	-		from API zym
118934	oxidase	-
68380	phenylalanine arylamidase	-		from API rID32A
68380	proline-arylamidase	+	3.4.11.5	from API rID32A
118934	protease	-
68380	pyrrolidonyl arylamidase	-	3.4.19.3	from API rID32A
68380	serine arylamidase	-		from API rID32A
68382	trypsin	-	3.4.21.4	from API zym
68380	tryptophan deaminase	-	4.1.99.1	from API rID32A
118934	tween esterase	+
68380	tyrosine arylamidase	-		from API rID32A
118934	urease	-	3.5.1.5
68380	urease	-	3.5.1.5	from API rID32A
68367	urease	-	3.5.1.5	from API 20A
68382	valine arylamidase	-		from API zym

Fatty acid profile

Metadata FA analysis

@ref

44808

Fatty acid	Percentage	ECL
C17:1 ISO I/C16:0 DMA	15.2	16.481
C16:0	12.5	16
C19:1 ISO I	8.4	18.473
C18:0	7	18
C19:0 CYCLO ω9c	6.4	18.87
C16:0 aldehyde	5.4	14.949
C16:1 ω7c	5	15.819
C18:1 ω9c	4.9	17.769
unknown 16.972	4.6	16.972
C16:1 ω9c	4.3	15.774
C17:0 CYCLO	4	16.888
C18:2 ω6,9c/C18:0 ANTE	3.2	17.724
unknown 9.730	3.2	9.73
C18:1 ω7c /12t/9t	2.5	17.824
C14:0	2.1	14
C12:0	2	12
C16:0 iso	1.8	15.626
C16:0 ISO DMA ?	1.8	16.107
C18:1 ISO H	1.8	17.46
Unidentified	1.2
C18:0 ISO	1.2	17.632
C12:0 ISO	0.9	11.608
C10:0	0.8	10

API zym

@ref	Control	Alkaline phosphatase	Esterase (C 4)	2-naphtyl caprylateEsterase Lipase (C 8)	Lipase (C 14)	L-leucyl-2-naphthylamideLeucine arylamidase	L-valyl-2-naphthylamideValine arylamidase	L-cystyl-2-naphthylamideCystine arylamidase	Trypsin	alpha- Chymotrypsin	Acid phosphatase	Naphthol-AS-BI-phosphateNaphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase	alpha- Galactosidase	beta- Galactosidase	beta- Glucuronidase	alpha- Glucosidase	beta- Glucosidase	N-acetyl-beta- glucosaminidase	alpha- Mannosidase	alpha- Fucosidase
118934	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

API 20A

@ref	IND	URE	GLU	MAN	LAC	SAC	MAL	SAL	XYL	ARA	GEL	ESC	GLY	CEL	MNE	MLZ	RAF	SOR	RHA	TRE	CAT	Spores presentSPOR	GramGRAM	Morphology coccus="+" rod="-"COCC
627	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	+/-	-	+/-	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	+	not determinedn.d.	+	+	-
627	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	not determinedn.d.	+	+	-
627	-	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	not determinedn.d.	+	+	-
627	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+/-	-	+/-	-	+	not determinedn.d.	+	+	-
627	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	+/-	+	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.

API rID32A

@ref	URE	ADH (Arg)	alpha GAL	beta GAL	beta-Galactosidase 6-phosphatebeta GP	alpha GLU	beta GLU	alpha ARA	beta GUR	beta-N-Acetyl-beta-glucosaminidasebeta NAG	MNE	RAF	GDC	alpha FUC	Reduction of nitrateNIT	IND	PAL	L-arginine arylamidaseArgA	ProA	LGA	Phenylalanine arylamidasePheA	Leucine arylamidaseLeuA	PyrA	Tyrosine arylamidaseTyrA	Alanine arylamidaseAlaA	Glycin arylamidaseGlyA	Histidine arylamidaseHisA	Glutamyl-glutamate arylamidaseGGA	Serine arylamidaseSerA
627	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
627	-	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Isolation, sampling and environmental information

Isolation

67770

Sample typeHuman feces

Taxonmaps

69479

Global distribution of 16S sequence NR_112172 (>99% sequence identity) for Clostridioides difficile from Microbeatlas

Aquatic Samples	1013
Soil Samples	528
Animal Samples	37560
Plant Samples	192
Total Samples	39293

Interaction and safety

Risk assessment

@ref	Pathogenicity human	Pathogenicity animal	Biosafety level	Biosafety level comment
627			2	Risk group (German classification) According to TRBA 466
118934			2	Risk group (French classification) According to TRBA 466

Sequence information

Genome sequences

@ref	Description	Assembly level	INSDC accession	BV-BRC accession	IMG accession	NCBI tax ID	Score
66792	Clostridioides difficile strain FDAARGOS_1525	complete		1496.16124		1496	99.1
66792	Clostridioides difficile strain FDAARGOS_1525	complete		1496.6388		1496	99.1
66792	Clostridioides difficile DSM 1296	complete			2703719004	1121308	98.81
66792	ASM107753v2 assembly for Clostridioides difficile ATCC 9689 = DSM 1296	complete	GCA_001077535	1121308.8	2869685573	1121308	98.72
124043	ASM2034151v1 assembly for Clostridioides difficile FDAARGOS_1525	chromosome	GCA_020341515	1496.16102		1496	88.25
66792	ASM43884v1 assembly for Clostridioides difficile ATCC 9689 = DSM 1296	scaffold	GCA_000438845	1121308.5	2526164710	1121308	70.94
66792	ASM37628v1 assembly for Clostridioides difficile ATCC 9689 = DSM 1296	contig	GCA_000376285	1121308.3	2515154168	1121308	65.13

16S sequences

@ref	Description	Accession	Length	NCBI tax ID
20218	Clostridium difficile strain DSM 1296 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence	HM245939	844	1121308
20218	{16S/23S ribosomal DNA spacer region} [Clostridium difficile, ATCC 9689, Genomic, 271 nt]	S51968	271	1496
627	Clostridium difficile gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence, strain: ATCC 9689	AB075770	1466	1121308
627	Clostridioides difficile ATCC 9689 = DSM 1296 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence	NR_112172	1466	1121308
67770	[Clostridium] difficile gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strin: JCM 1296	AB548672	1464	1121308
67770	Clostridium difficile 16S rRNA gene, strain DSM 11209	X73450	1470	1496
124043	Clostridioides difficile ATCC 9689 = DSM 1296 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence.	MN326669	1419	1121308

Genome-based predictions

Predictions

Predictions from Deep Learning for Genome Sequence Data. R package version 0.3.1 based on: Clostridioides difficile ATCC 9689 = DSM 1296 DSM 1296T
NCBI: GCA_001077535

@ref	Trait	Model	Prediction	Confidence in %	In training data
125439	oxygen_tolerance	BacteriaNetⓘ	facultative anaerobe	98.00	no
125439	gram_stain	BacteriaNetⓘ	positive	87.60	no
125439	motility	BacteriaNetⓘ	yes	81.30	no
125439	spore_formation	BacteriaNetⓘ	yes	84.30	no

Predictions from bacterial phenotypic traits through improved machine learning using high-quality, curated datasets based on: Clostridioides difficile ATCC 9689 = DSM 1296 ATCC 9689 = DSM 1296
NCBI: GCA_001077535.2

@ref	Trait	Model	Prediction	Confidence in %	In training data
125438	gram-positive	gram-positiveⓘ	yes	59.79	yes
125438	anaerobic	anaerobicⓘ	yes	91.82	no
125438	aerobic	aerobicⓘ	no	97.26	yes
125438	spore-forming	spore-formingⓘ	yes	63.51	no
125438	thermophilic	thermophileⓘ	no	90.56	yes
125438	flagellated	motile2+ⓘ	yes	75.21	no

Literature

Topic	Title	Authors	Journal	DOI	Year
Genetics	A molecular epidemiological and transmission analysis of Clostridioides difficile using draft whole-genome sequencing in a single hospital.	Miyazaki T, Aoki K, Maeda T, Komori K, Yoshizawa S, Ishii Y, Urita Y, Tateda K.	BMC Infect Dis	10.1186/s12879-024-09841-9	2024
	An organometallic hybrid antibiotic of metronidazole with a Gold(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene overcomes metronidazole resistance in Clostridioides difficile.	Bussing R, Bublitz A, Karge B, Bronstrup M, Strowig T, Ott I.	J Biol Inorg Chem	10.1007/s00775-024-02064-y	2024
	Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Toxin-Encoding Genes of Clostridioides difficile from Environmental Sources Contaminated by Feces.	Blau K, Gallert C.	Antibiotics (Basel)	10.3390/antibiotics12010162	2023
	Application of a comprehensive approach to pathogen screening in a stowaway rat on an airplane	Heuser E, Ebinger A, Holtfreter S, Wolf S, Zautner A, Ryll R, Drewes S, Matzkeit B, Hoffmann B, Hoper D, Keller M, Groseth A, Wilharm G, Mrochen D, Obiegala A, Doss F, Mehl C, Eisenberg T, Niendorf S, Bottcher S, Karger A, Schroder C, Ehrke-Schulz E, Schmidt K, Beer M, Groschup M, Semmler T, Heckel G, Pfeffer M, Wylezich C, Ulrich R.	Sci Rep		2025
Genetics	Genomic characterization of nine Clostridioides difficile strains isolated from Korean patients with Clostridioides difficile infection.	Ahn SW, Lee SH, Kim UJ, Jang HC, Choi HJ, Choy HE, Kang SJ, Roh SW.	Gut Pathog	10.1186/s13099-021-00451-3	2021
Pathogenicity	Myxopyronin B inhibits growth of a Fidaxomicin-resistant Clostridioides difficile isolate and interferes with toxin synthesis.	Brauer M, Herrmann J, Zuhlke D, Muller R, Riedel K, Sievers S.	Gut Pathog	10.1186/s13099-021-00475-9	2022
	First Isolation of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Carrying Plasmid-Borne vanD1.	Hisatsune J, Tanimoto K, Kohara T, Myoken Y, Tomita Y, Sugai M.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.01029-22	2022
	Structural Evidence for DUF512 as a Radical S-Adenosylmethionine Cobalamin-Binding Domain.	Wang B, Solinski AE, Radle MI, Peduzzi OM, Knox HL, Cui J, Maurya RK, Yennawar NH, Booker SJ.	ACS Bio Med Chem Au	10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.4c00067	2024
Phenotype	Characterization of Clostridioides difficile DSM 101085 with A-B-CDT+ Phenotype from a Late Recurrent Colonization.	Riedel T, Neumann-Schaal M, Wittmann J, Schober I, Hofmann JD, Lu CW, Dannheim A, Zimmermann O, Lochner M, Gross U, Overmann J.	Genome Biol Evol	10.1093/gbe/evaa072	2020
Pathogenicity	Inhibition of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes by select phytochemicals.	Lakes JE, Richards CI, Flythe MD.	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102145	2020
Genetics	Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-Based Real-Time PCR Screening Assay for Rapid Tracking of Bacterial Infection Clusters To Complement Whole-Genome Sequencing Efforts during Outbreak Investigations.	Treffon J, Heppner B, Eismann J, Bothe J, Omengo B, Mellmann A.	Microbiol Spectr	10.1128/spectrum.03036-22	2022
Genetics	Higher genome variability within metabolism genes associates with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.	Kulecka M, Waker E, Ambrozkiewicz F, Paziewska A, Skubisz K, Cybula P, Targonski L, Mikula M, Walewski J, Ostrowski J.	BMC Microbiol	10.1186/s12866-021-02090-9	2021
Genetics	Genome-Based Comparison of Clostridioides difficile: Average Amino Acid Identity Analysis of Core Genomes.	Cabal A, Jun SR, Jenjaroenpun P, Wanchai V, Nookaew I, Wongsurawat T, Burgess MJ, Kothari A, Wassenaar TM, Ussery DW.	Microb Ecol	10.1007/s00248-018-1155-7	2018
	Two Groups of Cocirculating, Epidemic Clostridiodes difficile Strains Microdiversify through Different Mechanisms.	Murillo T, Ramirez-Vargas G, Riedel T, Overmann J, Andersen JM, Guzman-Verri C, Chaves-Olarte E, Rodriguez C.	Genome Biol Evol	10.1093/gbe/evy059	2018
Metabolism	Clostridium difficile is an autotrophic bacterial pathogen.	Kopke M, Straub M, Durre P.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0062157	2013
	The Potential of Human Peptide LL-37 as an Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Agent.	Ridyard KE, Overhage J.	Antibiotics (Basel)	10.3390/antibiotics10060650	2021
Enzymology	First report of Clostridium difficile NAP1/027 in a Mexican hospital.	Camacho-Ortiz A, Lopez-Barrera D, Hernandez-Garcia R, Galvan-De Los Santos AM, Flores-Trevino SM, Llaca-Diaz JM, Maldonado-Garza HJ, Bosques-Padilla FJ, Garza-Gonzalez E.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0122627	2015
Phylogeny	DNA microarray-based PCR ribotyping of Clostridium difficile.	Schneeberg A, Ehricht R, Slickers P, Baier V, Neubauer H, Zimmermann S, Rabold D, Lubke-Becker A, Seyboldt C.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.02524-14	2015
Enzymology	The semiquinone swing in the bifurcating electron transferring flavoprotein/butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase complex from Clostridium difficile.	Demmer JK, Pal Chowdhury N, Selmer T, Ermler U, Buckel W.	Nat Commun	10.1038/s41467-017-01746-3	2017
Pathogenicity	Synergistic effects of antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics against Clostridium difficile.	Nuding S, Frasch T, Schaller M, Stange EF, Zabel LT.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.02542-14	2014
	BaiCD gene cluster abundance is negatively correlated with Clostridium difficile infection.	Solbach P, Chhatwal P, Woltemate S, Tacconelli E, Buhl M, Gerhard M, Thoeringer CK, Vehreschild MJGT, Jazmati N, Rupp J, Manns MP, Bachmann O, Suerbaum S.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0196977	2018
Enzymology	Probiotic cheese containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM® modifies subpopulations of fecal lactobacilli and Clostridium difficile in the elderly.	Lahtinen SJ, Forssten S, Aakko J, Granlund L, Rautonen N, Salminen S, Viitanen M, Ouwehand AC.	Age (Dordr)	10.1007/s11357-011-9208-6	2012
Phylogeny	Clostridium difficile infections in a Canadian tertiary care hospital before and during a regional epidemic associated with the BI/NAP1/027 strain.	Labbe AC, Poirier L, Maccannell D, Louie T, Savoie M, Beliveau C, Laverdiere M, Pepin J.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.00146-08	2008
Pathogenicity	Baicalein and Berberine Inhibit the Growth and Virulence of Clostridioides difficile.	Yang X, Zheng D, Yong J, Li Y, Sun Y, Zhao F, Tang D, Xie Y, Bi D.	Pathogens	10.3390/pathogens14070662	2025
	Antimicrobial Effects of Some Natural Products on Adhesion and Biofilm Inhibition of Clostridioides difficile.	Wultanska D, Piotrowski M, Pituch H.	Pharmaceutics	10.3390/pharmaceutics16040478	2024
	The Effect of Subinhibitory Concentration of Metronidazole on the Growth and Biofilm Formation on Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Strains Belonging to Different Ribotypes.	Wultanska D, Karpinski P, Piotrowski M, Pituch H.	Pathogens	10.3390/pathogens12101244	2023
Phylogeny	Genomic and phenotypic studies among Clostridioides difficile isolates show a high prevalence of clade 2 and great diversity in clinical isolates from Mexican adults and children with healthcare-associated diarrhea.	Melendez-Sanchez D, Hernandez L, Ares M, Mendez Tenorio A, Flores-Luna L, Torres J, Camorlinga-Ponce M.	Microbiol Spectr	10.1128/spectrum.03947-23	2024
	Environmental and Nutritional Parameters Modulating Genetic Expression for Virulence Factors of Clostridioides difficile.	Masset Z, Gunaratnam S, Millette M, McFarland LV, Lacroix M.	Antibiotics (Basel)	10.3390/antibiotics13040365	2024
	Transcriptomic analysis of biofilm formation in strains of Clostridioides difficile associated with recurrent and non-recurrent infection reveals potential candidate markers for recurrence.	Rubio-Mendoza D, Cordova-Fletes C, Martinez-Melendez A, Morfin-Otero R, Maldonado-Garza HJ, Garza-Gonzalez E.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0289593	2023
	Comparison of clinical severity, genotype and toxin gene expression of binary toxin-producing Clostridioides difficile clinical isolates in Japan.	Matsumoto A, Yamagishi Y, Miyamoto K, Higashi S, Oka K, Takahashi M, Mikamo H.	Access Microbiol	10.1099/acmi.0.000362	2022
Metabolism	Role of the microbiome in essential metabolism in the human gut and its implications for Clostridioides difficile infection.	Chopra T, Hylemon P, Tillotson G.	Open Forum Infect Dis	10.1093/ofid/ofad447	2023
Pathogenicity	Diversity of binary toxin positive Clostridioides difficile in Korea.	Kim J, Kim B, Pai H.	Sci Rep	10.1038/s41598-023-27768-0	2023
Pathogenicity	Raja 42, a novel gamma lactam compound, is effective against Clostridioides difficile.	Fong A, Ross M, Boudreau J, Nokhbeh R, Tilbe K, Lee H.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0257143	2021
	Unveiling the inhibition mechanism of Clostridioides difficile by Bifidobacterium longum via multiomics approach.	Jo SH, Jeon HJ, Song WS, Lee JS, Kwon JE, Park JH, Kim YR, Kim MG, Baek JH, Kwon SY, Kim JS, Yang YH, Kim YG.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2023.1293149	2023
	Synthetic microbial consortia for the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection in mice model.	Liu J, Zhu W, Lessing DJ, Chu W.	Microb Biotechnol	10.1111/1751-7915.14333	2023
	Loop mediated isothermal amplification of Clostridioides difficile isolates in gastrointestinal patients.	Moosavian M, Keshavarzi R, Abbasi Montazeri E, Hajiani E.	AMB Express	10.1186/s13568-022-01382-1	2022
	Infrequent intrahousehold transmission of Clostridioides difficile between pet owners and their pets.	Redding LE, Habing GG, Tu V, Bittinger KL, O'Day J, Pancholi P, Wang SH, Alexander A, Kelly BJ, Weese JS, Stull JW.	Zoonoses Public Health	10.1111/zph.13032	2023
	Mechanistic Study of Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Cyclic Amphipathic Peptide [R4W4] against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates	Akinwale A, Parang K, Tiwari R, Yamaki J.	Antibiotics (Basel)		2024
Pathogenicity	Network analysis of toxin production in Clostridioides difficile identifies key metabolic dependencies.	Powers DA, Jenior ML, Kolling GL, Papin JA.	PLoS Comput Biol	10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011076	2023
	Non-Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Strain E4 (NTCD-E4) Prevents Establishment of Primary C. difficile Infection by Epidemic PCR Ribotype 027 in an In Vitro Human Gut Model.	Etifa P, Rodriguez C, Harmanus C, Sanders IMJG, Sidorov IA, Mohammed OA, Savage E, Timms AR, Freeman J, Smits WK, Wilcox MH, Baines SD.	Antibiotics (Basel)	10.3390/antibiotics12030435	2023
	Genetic Relatedness of 5-Year Isolates of Clostridioides difficile Polymerase Chain Reaction Ribotype 017 Strains in a Hospital.	Kim J, Seo MR, Kim B, Kim J, Bae MH, Pai H.	Antibiotics (Basel)	10.3390/antibiotics10101229	2021
Pathogenicity	Protective Effects of Alginate and Chitosan Oligosaccharides against Clostridioides difficile Bacteria and Toxin.	Mavrogeni ME, Asadpoor M, Judernatz JH, van Ark I, Wosten MMSM, Strijbis K, Pieters RJ, Folkerts G, Braber S.	Toxins (Basel)	10.3390/toxins15100586	2023
	Decontamination Effect of Hypochlorous Acid Dry Mist on Selected Bacteria, Viruses, Spores, and Fungi as Well as on Components of Electronic Systems.	Nasilowska B, Wlodarski M, Kaliszewski M, Bogdanowicz Z, Krzowski L, Kopczynski K, Witkowski G, Czeczott-Urban A, Bombalska A, Urbanska M, Garbat K, Sowinska A, Kutwin M, Koperski W, Wozniak R, Mierczyk Z.	Int J Mol Sci	10.3390/ijms25137198	2024
	Berberine and its nanoformulations and extracts: potential strategies and future perspectives against multi-drug resistant bacterial infections.	Yang X, Wang Y, Li L, Tang D, Yan Z, Li M, Jiang J, Bi D.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2025.1643409	2025
Pathogenicity	2'-Fucosyllactose inhibits proliferation of Clostridioides difficile ATCC 43599 in the CDi-screen, an in vitro model simulating Clostridioides difficile infection.	Wiese M, Schuren FHJ, Smits WK, Kuijper EJ, Ouwens A, Heerikhuisen M, Vigsnaes L, van den Broek TJ, de Boer P, Montijn RC, van der Vossen JMBM.	Front Cell Infect Microbiol	10.3389/fcimb.2022.991150	2022
	Nitro-Group-Containing Thiopeptide Derivatives as Promising Agents to Target Clostridioides difficile.	Kim D, Kim YR, Hwang HJ, Ciufolini MA, Lee J, Lee H, Clovis S, Jung S, Oh SH, Son YJ, Kwak JH.	Pharmaceuticals (Basel)	10.3390/ph15050623	2022
Pathogenicity	Repurposing the Antiamoebic Drug Diiodohydroxyquinoline for Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infections.	Abutaleb NS, Seleem MN.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.02115-19	2020
	In Vitro and In Vivo Activities, Absorption, Tissue Distribution, and Excretion of OBP-4, a Potential Anti-Clostridioides difficile Agent.	Liu L, Zhou X, Li B, Cheng F, Cui H, Li J, Zhang J.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.00581-21	2021
Pathogenicity	Arginine at the host-pathogen interface.	Ryan BE, Mike LA.	Infect Immun	10.1128/iai.00612-24	2025
Pathogenicity	Investigation of metabolic crosstalk between host and pathogenic Clostridioides difficile via multiomics approaches.	Kwon JE, Jo SH, Song WS, Lee JS, Jeon HJ, Park JH, Kim YR, Baek JH, Kim MG, Kwon SY, Kim JS, Yang YH, Kim YG.	Front Bioeng Biotechnol	10.3389/fbioe.2022.971739	2022
	Identification of a Bile Acid-Binding Transcription Factor in Clostridioides difficile Using Chemical Proteomics.	Forster ER, Yang X, Tai AK, Hang HC, Shen A.	ACS Chem Biol	10.1021/acschembio.2c00463	2022
Genetics	Molecular Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance of Clostridioides difficile in Hospitalized Patients From Mexico.	Aguilar-Zamora E, Weimer BC, Torres RC, Gomez-Delgado A, Ortiz-Olvera N, Aparicio-Ozores G, Barbero-Becerra VJ, Torres J, Camorlinga-Ponce M.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2021.787451	2021
	Raw Animal Meats as Potential Sources of Clostridium difficile in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia.	Taha AE.	Food Sci Anim Resour	10.5851/kosfa.2021.e44	2021
	Bioinformatics-driven discovery of novel Clostridioides difficile lysins and experimental comparison with highly active benchmarks.	Furlon JM, Mitchell SJ, Bailey-Kellogg C, Griswold KE.	Biotechnol Bioeng	10.1002/bit.27759	2021
Pathogenicity	Human Colon Cancer-Derived Clostridioides difficile Strains Drive Colonic Tumorigenesis in Mice.	Drewes JL, Chen J, Markham NO, Knippel RJ, Domingue JC, Tam AJ, Chan JL, Kim L, McMann M, Stevens C, Dejea CM, Tomkovich S, Michel J, White JR, Mohammad F, Campodonico VL, Heiser CN, Wu X, Wu S, Ding H, Simner P, Carroll K, Shrubsole MJ, Anders RA, Walk ST, Jobin C, Wan F, Coffey RJ, Housseau F, Lau KS, Sears CL.	Cancer Discov	10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1273	2022
	In Vitro Bactericidal Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Four Tetracyclines against Clostridioides difficile KCTC5009 in Planktonic Cultures.	Choi SS, Oh HY, Kim EJ, Lee HK, Kim HK, Choi HH, Kim SW, Chae HS.	Pathogens	10.3390/pathogens9040279	2020
Phenotype	Phenotypic Characterization of Non-toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Strains Isolated From Patients in Mexico.	Camorlinga M, Sanchez-Rojas M, Torres J, Romo-Castillo M.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2019.00084	2019
Metabolism	High sporulation and overexpression of virulence factors in biofilms and reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and linezolid in recurrent Clostridium [Clostridioides] difficile infection isolates.	Tijerina-Rodriguez L, Villarreal-Trevino L, Baines SD, Morfin-Otero R, Camacho-Ortiz A, Flores-Trevino S, Maldonado-Garza H, Rodriguez-Noriega E, Garza-Gonzalez E.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0220671	2019
Metabolism	Mechanism of Antibacterial Activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C-1 Lipopeptide toward Anaerobic Clostridium difficile.	Lv J, Da R, Cheng Y, Tuo X, Wei J, Jiang K, Monisayo AO, Han B.	Biomed Res Int	10.1155/2020/3104613	2020
	Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of TNP-2198, a Dual-Targeted Rifamycin-Nitroimidazole Conjugate with Potent Activity against Microaerophilic and Anaerobic Bacterial Pathogens.	Ma Z, He S, Yuan Y, Zhuang Z, Liu Y, Wang H, Chen J, Xu X, Ding C, Molodtsov V, Lin W, Robertson GT, Weiss WJ, Pulse M, Nguyen P, Duncan L, Doyle T, Ebright RH, Lynch AS.	J Med Chem	10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02045	2022
Genetics	Major genetic discontinuity and novel toxigenic species in Clostridioides difficile taxonomy.	Knight DR, Imwattana K, Kullin B, Guerrero-Araya E, Paredes-Sabja D, Didelot X, Dingle KE, Eyre DW, Rodriguez C, Riley TV.	Elife	10.7554/elife.64325	2021
Phylogeny	Clostridioides difficile ribotype 106: A systematic review of the antimicrobial susceptibility, genetics, and clinical outcomes of this common worldwide strain.	Carlson TJ, Blasingame D, Gonzales-Luna AJ, Alnezary F, Garey KW.	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102142	2020
Genetics	High Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Large phiCD211 (phiCDIF1296T)-Like Prophages in Clostridioides difficile.	Garneau JR, Sekulovic O, Dupuy B, Soutourina O, Monot M, Fortier LC.	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/aem.02164-17	2018
	Molecular identification of hyaluronate lyase, not hyaluronidase, as an intrinsic hyaluronan-degrading enzyme in Clostridium perfringens strain ATCC 13124.	Kumon T, Oiki S, Hashimoto W.	Sci Rep	10.1038/s41598-024-73955-y	2024
	Extraintestinal Clostridioides difficile Infections: Epidemiology in a University Hospital in Hungary and Review of the Literature.	Urban E, Terhes G, Gajdacs M.	Antibiotics (Basel)	10.3390/antibiotics9010016	2020
	Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of bacterial biomarkers enable fast and accurate monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease.	Sezgin E, Terlemez G, Bozkurt B, Bengi G, Akpinar H, Buyuktorun I.	PeerJ	10.7717/peerj.14217	2022
Metabolism	Strain-Dependent Inhibition of Clostridioides difficile by Commensal Clostridia Carrying the Bile Acid-Inducible (bai) Operon.	Reed AD, Nethery MA, Stewart A, Barrangou R, Theriot CM.	J Bacteriol	10.1128/jb.00039-20	2020
	Detection of mixed-strain infections by FACS and ultra-low input genome sequencing.	Dzunkova M, Moya A, Chen X, Kelly C, D'Auria G.	Gut Microbes	10.1080/19490976.2018.1526578	2020
	Clostridium scindens: history and current outlook for a keystone species in the mammalian gut involved in bile acid and steroid metabolism.	Daniel SL, Ridlon JM.	FEMS Microbiol Rev	10.1093/femsre/fuaf016	2025
	Sequential Modulation of the Equine Fecal Microbiota and Fibrolytic Capacity Following Two Consecutive Abrupt Dietary Changes and Bacterial Supplementation.	Collinet A, Grimm P, Julliand S, Julliand V.	Animals (Basel)	10.3390/ani11051278	2021
	Antimicrobial Potential and Phytochemical Screening of Clathria sp. 1 and Tedania (Tedania) stylonychaeta Sponge Crude Extracts Obtained from the South East Coast of South Africa.	Kibungu WC, Clarke AM, Fri J, Njom HA.	Biomed Res Int	10.1155/2021/6697944	2021
Phylogeny	Multidimensional Approach for Investigating the Effects of an Antibiotic-Probiotic Combination on the Equine Hindgut Ecosystem and Microbial Fibrolysis.	Collinet A, Grimm P, Julliand S, Julliand V.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2021.646294	2021
Pathogenicity	Antibacterial effect of Manuka honey on Clostridium difficile.	Hammond EN, Donkor ES.	BMC Res Notes	10.1186/1756-0500-6-188	2013
Pathogenicity	Postantibiotic effect of fidaxomicin and its major metabolite, OP-1118, against Clostridium difficile.	Babakhani F, Gomez A, Robert N, Sears P.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.00104-11	2011
Metabolism	Sub-lethal doses of surotomycin and vancomycin have similar effects on Clostridium difficile virulence factor production in vitro.	Aldape MJ, Rice SN, Field KP, Bryant AE, Stevens DL.	J Med Microbiol	10.1099/jmm.0.000852	2018
	Antibacterials Developed to Target a Single Organism: Mechanisms and Frequencies of Reduced Susceptibility to the Novel Anti-Clostridium difficile Compounds Fidaxomicin and LFF571.	Leeds JA.	Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med	10.1101/cshperspect.a025445	2016
Enzymology	Molecular and pharmacological aspects of piperine as a potential molecule for disease prevention and management: evidence from clinical trials.	Tripathi AK, Ray AK, Mishra SK.	Beni Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci	10.1186/s43088-022-00196-1	2022
Pathogenicity	In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of DS-2969b, a Novel GyrB Inhibitor, against Clostridium difficile.	Mathur T, Barman TK, Kumar M, Singh D, Kumar R, Khera MK, Yamada M, Inoue SI, Upadhyay DJ, Masuda N.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.02157-17	2018
Pathogenicity	In vitro and in vivo antibacterial evaluation of cadazolid, a new antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections.	Locher HH, Seiler P, Chen X, Schroeder S, Pfaff P, Enderlin M, Klenk A, Fournier E, Hubschwerlen C, Ritz D, Kelly CP, Keck W.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.01830-13	2014
Pathogenicity	In vitro and in vivo activities of the novel Ketolide RBx 14255 against Clostridium difficile.	Kumar M, Mathur T, Barman TK, Ramkumar G, Bhati A, Shukla G, Kalia V, Pandya M, Raj VS, Upadhyay DJ, Vaishnavi C, Chakrabarti A, Das B, Bhatnagar PK.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.00015-12	2012
Pathogenicity	Clostridium difficile isolates with high linezolid MICs harbor the multiresistance gene cfr.	Marin M, Martin A, Alcala L, Cercenado E, Iglesias C, Reigadas E, Bouza E.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.04082-14	2015
Pathogenicity	Effects of inoculum, pH, and cations on the in vitro activity of fidaxomicin (OPT-80, PAR-101) against Clostridium difficile.	Babakhani F, Seddon J, Robert N, Shue YK, Sears P.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.01842-09	2010
Pathogenicity	Comparative microbiological studies of transcription inhibitors fidaxomicin and the rifamycins in Clostridium difficile.	Babakhani F, Seddon J, Sears P.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.02572-13	2014
	Curcumin: A natural derivative with antibacterial activity against Clostridium difficile.	Mody D, Athamneh AIM, Seleem MN.	J Glob Antimicrob Resist	10.1016/j.jgar.2019.10.005	2020
Pathogenicity	Lantibiotics Produced by Oral Inhabitants as a Trigger for Dysbiosis of Human Intestinal Microbiota.	Yonezawa H, Motegi M, Oishi A, Hojo F, Higashi S, Nozaki E, Oka K, Takahashi M, Osaki T, Kamiya S.	Int J Mol Sci	10.3390/ijms22073343	2021
Enzymology	Clostridium difficile infection in the Lao People's Democratic Republic: first isolation and review of the literature.	Cheong E, Roberts T, Rattanavong S, Riley TV, Newton PN, Dance DAB.	BMC Infect Dis	10.1186/s12879-017-2737-6	2017
Pathogenicity	Investigations of the mode of action and resistance development of cadazolid, a new antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections.	Locher HH, Caspers P, Bruyere T, Schroeder S, Pfaff P, Knezevic A, Keck W, Ritz D.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.01831-13	2014
Pathogenicity	Antimicrobial activities of fidaxomicin.	Goldstein EJ, Babakhani F, Citron DM.	Clin Infect Dis	10.1093/cid/cis339	2012
Enzymology	Identification and Characterization of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Spp., Clostridium perfringens, and C. difficile Isolates from Reptiles in Brazil.	Ramos CP, Santana JA, Morcatti Coura F, Xavier RGC, Leal CAG, Oliveira Junior CA, Heinemann MB, Lage AP, Lobato FCF, Silva ROS.	Biomed Res Int	10.1155/2019/9530732	2019
Pathogenicity	Reutericyclin and related analogues kill stationary phase Clostridium difficile at achievable colonic concentrations.	Hurdle JG, Heathcott AE, Yang L, Yan B, Lee RE.	J Antimicrob Chemother	10.1093/jac/dkr201	2011
Phylogeny	Development and evaluation of a novel, semiautomated Clostridium difficile typing platform.	Westblade LF, Chamberland RR, MacCannell D, Collins R, Dubberke ER, Dunne WM, Burnham CA.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.02627-12	2013
	Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetic studies of OPT-80 in healthy volunteers following single and multiple oral doses.	Shue YK, Sears PS, Shangle S, Walsh RB, Lee C, Gorbach SL, Okumu F, Preston RA.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.01045-07	2008
Pathogenicity	Different Resistance Mechanisms for Cadazolid and Linezolid in Clostridium difficile Found by Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis.	Caspers P, Locher HH, Pfaff P, Diggelmann S, Rueedi G, Bur D, Ritz D.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.00384-17	2017
Metabolism	Multiplex Real-Time PCR Method for Simultaneous Identification and Toxigenic Type Characterization of Clostridium difficile From Stool Samples.	Kilic A, Alam MJ, Tisdel NL, Shah DN, Yapar M, Lasco TM, Garey KW.	Ann Lab Med	10.3343/alm.2015.35.3.306	2015
	A possible route for foodborne transmission of Clostridium difficile?	Lund BM, Peck MW.	Foodborne Pathog Dis	10.1089/fpd.2014.1842	2015
Pathogenicity	Killing kinetics of fidaxomicin and its major metabolite, OP-1118, against Clostridium difficile.	Babakhani F, Gomez A, Robert N, Sears P.	J Med Microbiol	10.1099/jmm.0.029470-0	2011
Pathogenicity	Metronidazole resistance in Clostridium difficile is heterogeneous.	Pelaez T, Cercenado E, Alcala L, Marin M, Martin-Lopez A, Martinez-Alarcon J, Catalan P, Sanchez-Somolinos M, Bouza E.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.00524-08	2008
Pathogenicity	Using a Novel Lysin To Help Control Clostridium difficile Infections.	Wang Q, Euler CW, Delaune A, Fischetti VA.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.01357-15	2015
	Impact of Room Location on UV-C Irradiance and UV-C Dosage and Antimicrobial Effect Delivered by a Mobile UV-C Light Device.	Boyce JM, Farrel PA, Towle D, Fekieta R, Aniskiewicz M.	Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol	10.1017/ice.2016.35	2016
Enzymology	Comparison of a commercial multiplex real-time PCR to the cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infections.	Huang H, Weintraub A, Fang H, Nord CE.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.01280-09	2009
Metabolism	Development and characterization of a xylose-inducible gene expression system for Clostridium perfringens.	Nariya H, Miyata S, Kuwahara T, Okabe A.	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/aem.05668-11	2011
Pathogenicity	In vitro activity of ramoplanin against Clostridium difficile, including strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin or with resistance to metronidazole.	Pelaez T, Alcala L, Alonso R, Martin-Lopez A, Garcia-Arias V, Marin M, Bouza E.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.49.3.1157-1159.2005	2005
Metabolism	Glucosylation Drives the Innate Inflammatory Response to Clostridium difficile Toxin A.	Cowardin CA, Jackman BM, Noor Z, Burgess SL, Feig AL, Petri WA.	Infect Immun	10.1128/iai.00327-16	2016
Metabolism	Application of isothermal helicase-dependent amplification with a disposable detection device in a simple sensitive stool test for toxigenic Clostridium difficile.	Chow WH, McCloskey C, Tong Y, Hu L, You Q, Kelly CP, Kong H, Tang YW, Tang W.	J Mol Diagn	10.2353/jmoldx.2008.080008	2008
Pathogenicity	Effect of the Synthetic Bile Salt Analog CamSA on the Hamster Model of Clostridium difficile Infection.	Howerton A, Seymour CO, Murugapiran SK, Liao Z, Phan JR, Estrada A, Wagner AJ, Mefferd CC, Hedlund BP, Abel-Santos E.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.02251-17	2018
Enzymology	Comparison of a commercial real-time PCR assay for tcdB detection to a cell culture cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture for direct detection of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile in clinical samples.	Stamper PD, Alcabasa R, Aird D, Babiker W, Wehrlin J, Ikpeama I, Carroll KC.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.01613-08	2009
	Development and evaluation of a PCR method for detection of the Clostridium difficile toxin B gene in stool specimens.	Guilbault C, Labbe AC, Poirier L, Busque L, Beliveau C, Laverdiere M.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.40.6.2288-2290.2002	2002
Pathogenicity	In vitro activity of linezolid against Clostridium difficile.	Pelaez T, Alonso R, Perez C, Alcala L, Cuevas O, Bouza E.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.46.5.1617-1618.2002	2002
Enzymology	A systematic evaluation of methods to optimize culture-based recovery of Clostridium difficile from stool specimens.	Hink T, Burnham CA, Dubberke ER.	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.12.001	2013
Pathogenicity	Reassessment of Clostridium difficile susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin.	Pelaez T, Alcala L, Alonso R, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Garcia-Lechuz JM, Bouza E.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.46.6.1647-1650.2002	2002
Phylogeny	Comparison of typing methods for Clostridium difficile isolates.	Wolfhagen MJ, Fluit AC, Torensma R, Jansze M, Kuypers AF, Verhage EA, Verhoef J.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.31.8.2208-2211.1993	1993
Enzymology	Rapid stool-based diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection by real-time PCR in a children's hospital.	Luna RA, Boyanton BL, Mehta S, Courtney EM, Webb CR, Revell PA, Versalovic J.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.01983-10	2011
Pathogenicity	gyrA and gyrB mutations are implicated in cross-resistance to Ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin in Clostridium difficile.	Dridi L, Tankovic J, Burghoffer B, Barbut F, Petit JC.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.46.11.3418-3421.2002	2002
Pathogenicity	Characterizations of clinical isolates of clostridium difficile by toxin genotypes and by susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents, including fidaxomicin (OPT-80) and rifaximin: a multicenter study in Taiwan.	Liao CH, Ko WC, Lu JJ, Hsueh PR.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.00191-12	2012
Metabolism	Auranofin disrupts selenium metabolism in Clostridium difficile by forming a stable Au-Se adduct.	Jackson-Rosario S, Cowart D, Myers A, Tarrien R, Levine RL, Scott RA, Self WT.	J Biol Inorg Chem	10.1007/s00775-009-0466-z	2009
Metabolism	Effect of antibiotic treatment on growth of and toxin production by Clostridium difficile in the cecal contents of mice.	Pultz NJ, Donskey CJ.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.49.8.3529-3532.2005	2005
Enzymology	Rapid detection of Clostridium difficile in feces by real-time PCR.	Belanger SD, Boissinot M, Clairoux N, Picard FJ, Bergeron MG.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.41.2.730-734.2003	2003
Pathogenicity	OG716: Designing a fit-for-purpose lantibiotic for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections.	Kers JA, DeFusco AW, Park JH, Xu J, Pulse ME, Weiss WJ, Handfield M.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0197467	2018
Metabolism	Lactobacillus rhamnosus L34 and Lactobacillus casei L39 suppress Clostridium difficile-induced IL-8 production by colonic epithelial cells.	Boonma P, Spinler JK, Venable SF, Versalovic J, Tumwasorn S.	BMC Microbiol	10.1186/1471-2180-14-177	2014
	Effect of fluoroquinolone treatment on growth of and toxin production by epidemic and nonepidemic clostridium difficile strains in the cecal contents of mice.	Adams DA, Riggs MM, Donskey CJ.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.01582-06	2007
	Vegetative Clostridium difficile survives in room air on moist surfaces and in gastric contents with reduced acidity: a potential mechanism to explain the association between proton pump inhibitors and C. difficile-associated diarrhea?	Jump RL, Pultz MJ, Donskey CJ.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.01443-06	2007
Metabolism	Analysis of proline reduction in the nosocomial pathogen Clostridium difficile.	Jackson S, Calos M, Myers A, Self WT.	J Bacteriol	10.1128/jb.01370-06	2006
Enzymology	Yield of stool culture with isolate toxin testing versus a two-step algorithm including stool toxin testing for detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile.	Reller ME, Lema CA, Perl TM, Cai M, Ross TL, Speck KA, Carroll KC.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.01305-07	2007
Phylogeny	Prevalence and diversity of toxigenic Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile among swine herds in the midwest.	Baker AA, Davis E, Rehberger T, Rosener D.	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/aem.02459-09	2010
Metabolism	Tolevamer, an anionic polymer, neutralizes toxins produced by the BI/027 strains of Clostridium difficile.	Hinkson PL, Dinardo C, DeCiero D, Klinger JD, Barker RH.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.00041-08	2008
Pathogenicity	The membrane as a target for controlling hypervirulent Clostridium difficile infections.	Wu X, Cherian PT, Lee RE, Hurdle JG.	J Antimicrob Chemother	10.1093/jac/dks493	2013
	Nontoxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile lack the genes for both toxin A and toxin B.	Fluit AC, Wolfhagen MJ, Verdonk GP, Jansze M, Torensma R, Verhoef J.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.29.11.2666-2667.1991	1991
Enzymology	Rapid detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in fecal samples by magnetic immuno PCR assay.	Wolfhagen MJ, Fluit AC, Torensma R, Poppelier MJ, Verhoef J.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.32.7.1629-1633.1994	1994
Cultivation	Comparison of real-time PCR for detection of the tcdC gene with four toxin immunoassays and culture in diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection.	Sloan LM, Duresko BJ, Gustafson DR, Rosenblatt JE.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.00032-08	2008
Pathogenicity	Clostridium difficile drug pipeline: challenges in discovery and development of new agents.	Jarrad AM, Karoli T, Blaskovich MA, Lyras D, Cooper MA.	J Med Chem	10.1021/jm5016846	2015
Enzymology	A possible role for Clostridium difficile in the etiology of calf enteritis.	Hammitt MC, Bueschel DM, Keel MK, Glock RD, Cuneo P, DeYoung DW, Reggiardo C, Trinh HT, Songer JG.	Vet Microbiol	10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.09.002	2008
Pathogenicity	Antimicrobial susceptibilities and serogroups of clinical strains of Clostridium difficile isolated in France in 1991 and 1997.	Barbut F, Decre D, Burghoffer B, Lesage D, Delisle F, Lalande V, Delmee M, Avesani V, Sano N, Coudert C, Petit JC.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.43.11.2607	1999
Phylogeny	Multilocus sequence typing analysis of human and animal Clostridium difficile isolates of various toxigenic types.	Lemee L, Dhalluin A, Pestel-Caron M, Lemeland JF, Pons JL.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.42.6.2609-2617.2004	2004
Enzymology	Comparison of the VIDAS Clostridium difficile toxin A immunoassay with C. difficile culture and cytotoxin and latex tests.	Shanholtzer CJ, Willard KE, Holter JJ, Olson MM, Gerding DN, Peterson LR.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.30.7.1837-1840.1992	1992
	Survival of Clostridioides difficile spores in thermal and chemo-thermal laundering processes and influence of the exosporium on their adherence to cotton bed sheets.	Tarrant J, Owen L, Jenkins R, Smith LJ, Laird K.	Lett Appl Microbiol	10.1111/lam.13811	2022
	Different CprABC amino acid sequences affect nisin A susceptibility in Clostridioides difficile isolates.	Ide N, Kawada-Matsuo M, Le MN, Hisatsune J, Nishi H, Hara T, Kitamura N, Kashiyama S, Yokozaki M, Kawaguchi H, Ohge H, Sugai M, Komatsuzawa H.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0280676	2023
	Use of UV-C radiation to disinfect non-critical patient care items: a laboratory assessment of the Nanoclave Cabinet.	Moore G, Ali S, Cloutman-Green EA, Bradley CR, Wilkinson MA, Hartley JC, Fraise AP, Wilson AP.	BMC Infect Dis	10.1186/1471-2334-12-174	2012
Enzymology	A low complexity rapid molecular method for detection of Clostridium difficile in stool.	McElgunn CJ, Pereira CR, Parham NJ, Smythe JE, Wigglesworth MJ, Smielewska A, Parmar SA, Gandelman OA, Brown NM, Tisi LC, Curran MD.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0083808	2014
Enzymology	Aerial dissemination of Clostridium difficile spores.	Roberts K, Smith CF, Snelling AM, Kerr KG, Banfield KR, Sleigh PA, Beggs CB.	BMC Infect Dis	10.1186/1471-2334-8-7	2008
Enzymology	Molecular characterization of a Clostridium difficile bacteriophage and its cloned biologically active endolysin.	Mayer MJ, Narbad A, Gasson MJ.	J Bacteriol	10.1128/jb.00686-08	2008
Enzymology	Evaluation of a chromogenic culture medium for isolation of Clostridium difficile within 24 hours.	Perry JD, Asir K, Halimi D, Orenga S, Dale J, Payne M, Carlton R, Evans J, Gould FK.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.01288-10	2010
Enzymology	New rapid identification test for Clostridium difficile.	Aspinall ST, Dealler SF.	J Clin Pathol	10.1136/jcp.45.11.956	1992
Enzymology	New selective medium for isolating Clostridium difficile from faeces.	Aspinall ST, Hutchinson DN.	J Clin Pathol	10.1136/jcp.45.9.812	1992
	Clostridium scindens secretome suppresses virulence gene expression of Clostridioides difficile in a bile acid-independent manner.	Saenz C, Fang Q, Gnanasekaran T, Trammell SAJ, Buijink JDA, Pisano P, Wierer M, Moens F, Lengger B, Brejnrod A, Arumugam M.	Microbiol Spectr	10.1128/spectrum.03933-22	2023
	Bifidobacteriumlongum subsp. infantis CECT7210 (B. infantis IM-1^®) Displays In Vitro Activity against Some Intestinal Pathogens.	Ruiz L, Florez AB, Sanchez B, Moreno-Munoz JA, Rodriguez-Palmero M, Jimenez J, Gavilan CGLR, Gueimonde M, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A.	Nutrients	10.3390/nu12113259	2020
	Partly Fermented Infant Formulae With Specific Oligosaccharides Support Adequate Infant Growth and Are Well-Tolerated.	Huet F, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, Tims S, Simeoni U, Beley G, Savagner C, Vandenplas Y, Hourihane JO.	J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr	10.1097/mpg.0000000000001360	2016
	Lateral flow immunoassay for simultaneous detection of C. difficile, MRSA, and K. pneumoniae.	Rubio-Monterde A, Rivas L, Gallegos M, Quesada-Gonzalez D, Merkoci A.	Mikrochim Acta	10.1007/s00604-024-06701-w	2024
	Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of aminoalkyl resveratrol derivatives inspired by cationic peptides.	Cebrian R, Lucas R, Fernandez-Cantos MV, Slot K, Penalver P, Martinez-Garcia M, Parraga-Leo A, de Paz MV, Garcia F, Kuipers OP, Morales JC.	J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem	10.1080/14756366.2022.2146685	2023
	Microbiological Ecological Surveillance of Zoonotic Pathogens from Hamadryas Baboons in Southwestern Saudi Arabia.	Alqumber MA.	Microorganisms	10.3390/microorganisms12122421	2024
Phylogeny	Bacteria Co-colonizing with Clostridioides Difficile in Two Asymptomatic Patients.	Hong W, Yang J, Cheng Y, Huang X, Rao F, Zhang T, Wang P, Liao J, Qi X, Guan Z, Chen Z, Cui G.	Open Life Sci	10.1515/biol-2019-0071	2019
	Design Considerations for a Surface Disinfection Device Using Ultraviolet-C Light-Emitting Diodes.	Sharma P, Chen P, Han S, Chung P, Chen J, Tseng J, Han C.	J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol	10.6028/jres.126.045	2021
Pathogenicity	Molecular characterization of Clostridioides difficile by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST): A study from tertiary care center in India.	Chaudhry R, Sharma N, Bahadur T, Khullar S, Agarwal SK, Gahlowt A, Gupta N, Kumar L, Kabra SK, Dey AB	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102545	2022
	2'FL and LNnT Exert Antipathogenic Effects against C. difficile ATCC 9689 In Vitro, Coinciding with Increased Levels of Bifidobacteriaceae and/or Secondary Bile Acids.	Vigsnaes LK, Ghyselinck J, Van den Abbeele P, McConnell B, Moens F, Marzorati M, Bajic D	Pathogens	10.3390/pathogens10080927	2021
Transcriptome	Transcriptome Analysis of the Clostridioides difficile Response to Different Doses of Bifidobacterium breve.	Yang J, Yang H	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2020.01863	2020
	Toxin A and B genes expression of Clostridium difficile in the sub-minimum inhibitory concentration of clindamycin, vancomycin and in combination with ceftazidime.	Moradi M, Mansouri S, Nakhaee N, Sarafzadeh F, Zarandi ER	Iran J Microbiol		2020
Pathogenicity	The effect of berberine chloride and/or its combination with vancomycin on the growth, biofilm formation, and motility of Clostridioides difficile.	Wultanska D, Piotrowski M, Pituch H	Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis	10.1007/s10096-020-03857-0	2020
	In vitro Study of Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1518 in Healthy and Clostridioides difficile Colonized Elderly Gut Microbiota.	Fehlbaum S, Chassard C, Schwab C, Voolaid M, Fourmestraux C, Derrien M, Lacroix C	Front Nutr	10.3389/fnut.2019.00184	2019
Pathogenicity	Antibacterial Activity of Bifidobacterium breve Against Clostridioides difficile.	Yang J, Yang H	Front Cell Infect Microbiol	10.3389/fcimb.2019.00288	2019
Pathogenicity	[A study on clinical application of a novel reagent detecting toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile].	Wang SM, Wang ZY	Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi	10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2018.48.013	2018
	Effect of Bifidobacterium breve in Combination With Different Antibiotics on Clostridium difficile.	Yang J, Yang H	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2018.02953	2018
Pathogenicity	From ward to washer: The survival of Clostridium difficile spores on hospital bed sheets through a commercial UK NHS healthcare laundry process.	Tarrant J, Jenkins RO, Laird KT	Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol	10.1017/ice.2018.255	2018
Pathogenicity	Co-infection of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile GMU1 and Bacillus cereus GMU2 in one patient in Guizhou, China.	Hong W, Cheng Y, Rao F, Yang J, Cui G, Chen Z, Liao J, Huang X, Zhang J, Wang P, Wang S, Wang Y, Guan Z, Qi X	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.08.004	2018
Pathogenicity	Toxin production of Clostridium difficile in sub-MIC of vancomycin and clindamycin alone and in combination with ceftazidime.	Zarandi ER, Mansouri S, Nakhaee N, Sarafzadeh F, Moradi M	Microb Pathog	10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.002	2017
	Subboiling Moist Heat Favors the Selection of Enteric Pathogen Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 078 Spores in Food.	Rodriguez-Palacios A, Ilic S, LeJeune JT	Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol	10.1155/2016/1462405	2016
	Effect of Bifidobacterium upon Clostridium difficile Growth and Toxicity When Co-cultured in Different Prebiotic Substrates.	Valdes-Varela L, Hernandez-Barranco AM, Ruas-Madiedo P, Gueimonde M	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2016.00738	2016
	Screening of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli Able to Antagonize the Cytotoxic Effect of Clostridium difficile upon Intestinal Epithelial HT29 Monolayer.	Valdes-Varela L, Alonso-Guervos M, Garcia-Suarez O, Gueimonde M, Ruas-Madiedo P	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2016.00577	2016
Pathogenicity	Impact of standard test protocols on sporicidal efficacy.	Wesgate R, Rauwel G, Criquelion J, Maillard JY	J Hosp Infect	10.1016/j.jhin.2016.03.018	2016
	The effect of polydextrose and probiotic lactobacilli in a Clostridium difficile-infected human colonic model.	Forssten SD, Roytio H, Hibberd AA, Ouwehand AC	Microb Ecol Health Dis	10.3402/mehd.v26.27988	2015
Genetics	Complete Genome Sequence of the Clostridium difficile Type Strain DSM 1296T.	Riedel T, Bunk B, Wittmann J, Thurmer A, Sproer C, Gronow S, Liesegang H, Daniel R, Overmann J	Genome Announc	10.1128/genomeA.01186-15	2015
Pathogenicity	Monitoring in real time the cytotoxic effect of Clostridium difficile upon the intestinal epithelial cell line HT29.	Valdes L, Gueimonde M, Ruas-Madiedo P	J Microbiol Methods	10.1016/j.mimet.2015.09.022	2015
Pathogenicity	Effect of airborne hydrogen peroxide on spores of Clostridium difficile.	Steindl G, Fiedler A, Huhulescu S, Wewalka G, Allerberger F	Wien Klin Wochenschr	10.1007/s00508-014-0682-6	2014
Pathogenicity	Selective growth-inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline towards Clostridium difficile and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum in co-culture analysed by flow cytometry.	Novakova J, Dzunkova M, Musilova S, Vlkova E, Kokoska L, Moya A, D'Auria G	J Med Microbiol	10.1099/jmm.0.080796-0	2014
Pathogenicity	Biofilm formation of Clostridium difficile and susceptibility to Manuka honey.	Hammond EN, Donkor ES, Brown CA	BMC Complement Altern Med	10.1186/1472-6882-14-329	2014
Pathogenicity	Prevention of Clostridium difficile spore formation by sub-inhibitory concentrations of tigecycline and piperacillin/tazobactam.	Garneau JR, Valiquette L, Fortier LC	BMC Infect Dis	10.1186/1471-2334-14-29	2014
Pathogenicity	Growth-Inhibiting and morphostructural effects of constituents identified in Asarum heterotropoides root on human intestinal bacteria.	Perumalsamy H, Jung MY, Hong SM, Ahn YJ	BMC Complement Altern Med	10.1186/1472-6882-13-245	2013
Enzymology	Effect of an oxygen-tolerant bifurcating butyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase/electron-transferring flavoprotein complex from Clostridium difficile on butyrate production in Escherichia coli.	Aboulnaga el-H, Pinkenburg O, Schiffels J, El-Refai A, Buckel W, Selmer T	J Bacteriol	10.1128/JB.00321-13	2013
Pathogenicity	Using phenotype microarrays to determine culture conditions that induce or repress toxin production by Clostridium difficile and other microorganisms.	Lei XH, Bochner BR	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0056545	2013
Pathogenicity	Sensitivity of pathogenic and commensal bacteria from the human colon to essential oils.	Thapa D, Losa R, Zweifel B, Wallace RJ	Microbiology (Reading)	10.1099/mic.0.061127-0	2012
Metabolism	Identification of a novel virulence factor in Clostridium difficile that modulates toxin sensitivity of cultured epithelial cells.	Miura M, Kato H, Matsushita O	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.00051-11	2011
Pathogenicity	Experimental evaluation of an automated endoscope reprocessor with in situ generation of peracetic acid for disinfection of semicritical devices.	Sattar SA, Kibbee RJ, Tetro JA, Rook TA	Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol	10.1086/508830	2006
Biotechnology	Exopolysaccharides produced by probiotic strains modify the adhesion of probiotics and enteropathogens to human intestinal mucus.	Ruas-Madiedo P, Gueimonde M, Margolles A, de los Reyes-Gavilan CG, Salminen S	J Food Prot	10.4315/0362-028x-69.8.2011	2006
Pathogenicity	Inhibition of Clostridium difficile growth and adhesion to enterocytes by Bifidobacterium supernatants.	Trejo FM, Minnaard J, Perez PF, De Antoni GL	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2006.03.004	2006
Pathogenicity	Adhesion of selected Bifidobacterium strains to human intestinal mucus and the role of adhesion in enteropathogen exclusion.	Collado MC, Gueimonde M, Hernandez M, Sanz Y, Salminen S	J Food Prot	10.4315/0362-028x-68.12.2672	2005
Pathogenicity	Fusidic acid disk diffusion testing of clostridium difficile can be calibrated using single-strain regression analysis.	Oppenheimer M, Kronvall G, Karlsson I, Holst E	Scand J Infect Dis	10.1080/003655400459540	2000
Pathogenicity	In vitro and in vivo evaluation of tiacumicins B and C against Clostridium difficile.	Swanson RN, Hardy DJ, Shipkowitz NL, Hanson CW, Ramer NC, Fernandes PB, Clement JJ	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/AAC.35.6.1108	1991
Enzymology	Purification and characterization of Clostridium difficile toxin.	Rolfe RD, Finegold SM	Infect Immun	10.1128/iai.25.1.191-201.1979	1979
	The Effect of Selected Bee Products on Adhesion and Biofilm of Clostridioides difficile Strains Belonging to Different Ribotypes.	Wultanska D, Paterczyk B, Nowakowska J, Pituch H	Molecules	10.3390/molecules27217385	2022

References

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Clostridioides difficile (DSM 1296, ATCC 9689, NCIB 10666)

Name and taxonomic classification