Name: Clostridioides difficile R20291
Creator: BacDive
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Strain identifier

BacDive ID: 22963

Type strain:

Species: Clostridioides difficile

Strain Designation: R20291

Culture col. no.: DSM 27147, NCTC 13366

Strain history: <- P. Bracegirdle, Health Protection Agency Culture Collections, Salisbury, United Kingdom; NCTC 13366

NCBI tax ID(s): 1496 (species)

Other strains from Clostridioides difficile

Section

Clostridioides difficile R20291 is an anaerobe, spore-forming, mesophilic human pathogen that was isolated from Faeces from a symptomatic patient. Outbreak at Stoke Mandeville Hospital, UK.

rod-shaped
spore-forming
anaerobe
human pathogen
mesophilic
Bacteria
genome sequence

Information on the name and the taxonomic classification. Name and taxonomic classification

	Last LPSN update	07-12-2022 (DD-MM-YYYY)
	Domain	"Bacteria"
	Phylum	*Bacillota*
	Class	*Clostridia*
	Order	*Eubacteriales*
	Family	*Peptostreptococcaceae*
	Genus	*Clostridioides*
	Species	**Clostridioides difficile**
	Full Scientific Name (PNU)	Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Lawson et al. 2016

	Synonym	"Bacillus* difficilis"*
	Synonym	"Peptoclostridium* difficile"*
	Synonym	Clostridium difficile

Information on morphological and physiological properties Morphology

[Ref.: #68367]	Gram stain	positive * from API 20A

[Ref.: #68367]	Cell shape	rod-shaped * from API 20A

[Ref.: #18803]	Type of hemolysis	gamma
[Ref.: #18803]	Incubation period	1-2 days

Information on culture and growth conditions Culture and growth conditions

[Ref.: #18803]

Culture medium

FASTIDIOUS ANAEROBE AGAR (DSMZ Medium 1203)

[Ref.: #18803]

Culture medium growth

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Culture medium link

Medium recipe provided by DSMZ

[Ref.: #18803]

Culture medium composition

expand / minimize

[Ref.: #18803]

Culture medium

CHOPPED MEAT MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 78)

[Ref.: #18803]

Culture medium growth

[Ref.: #18803]

Culture medium link

Medium recipe provided by DSMZ

[Ref.: #18803]

Culture medium composition

expand / minimize

	Temperatures	Kind of temperature		Temperature
[Ref.: #18803]			growth	37 °C

[Ref.: #18803]

Temperature range

mesophilic

Information on physiology and metabolism Physiology and metabolism

[Ref.: #18803]

Oxygen tolerance

anaerobe

[Ref.: #68367]

Ability of spore formation

yes * from API 20A

	Metabolite	Utilization activity	Kind of utilization tested
[Ref.: #68367]	esculin ChEBI	+	hydrolysis	* from API 20A
[Ref.: #68367]	glycerol ChEBI	-	builds acid from	* from API 20A
[Ref.: #68367]	L-arabinose ChEBI	-	builds acid from	* from API 20A
[Ref.: #68380]	L-glutamate ChEBI	-	degradation	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68367]	L-rhamnose ChEBI	-	builds acid from	* from API 20A
[Ref.: #68367]	lactose ChEBI	-	builds acid from	* from API 20A
[Ref.: #68367]	maltose ChEBI	-	builds acid from	* from API 20A
[Ref.: #68380]	nitrate ChEBI	-	reduction	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68367]	raffinose ChEBI	-	builds acid from	* from API 20A
[Ref.: #68380]	raffinose ChEBI	-	fermentation	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68367]	sucrose ChEBI	-	builds acid from	* from API 20A
[Ref.: #68380]	tryptophan ChEBI	-	energy source	* from API rID32A, API 20A
[Ref.: #68380]	urea ChEBI	-	hydrolysis	* from API rID32A, API 20A
	Only first 10 entries are displayed. Click here to see all.

	Metabolite production	Metabolite
[Ref.: #68380]		indole ChEBI	* from API rID32A, API 20A

	Physiological tests	Metabolite	Indole test
[Ref.: #68380]		indole ChEBI	-	* from API rID32A, API 20A

	Enzyme	Enzyme activity	EC number
[Ref.: #68380]	alanine arylamidase	-	3.4.11.2	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	alkaline phosphatase	-	3.1.3.1	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	alpha-arabinosidase	-	3.2.1.55	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	alpha-fucosidase	-	3.2.1.51	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	alpha-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.22	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	alpha-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.20	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	beta-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.23	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	beta-Galactosidase 6-phosphate	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68367]	beta-glucosidase	+	3.2.1.21	* from API 20A
[Ref.: #68380]	beta-glucuronidase	-	3.2.1.31	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #18803]	catalase	+	1.11.1.6
[Ref.: #18803]	cytochrome-c oxidase	-	1.9.3.1
[Ref.: #68380]	glutamate decarboxylase	-	4.1.1.15	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	glutamyl-glutamate arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	glycin arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	histidine arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	L-arginine arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	leucyl glycin arylamidase	-	3.4.11.1	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase	-	3.2.1.52	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	phenylalanine arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	proline-arylamidase	+	3.4.11.5	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	serine arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	tryptophan deaminase	-	4.1.99.1	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	tyrosine arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	urease	-	3.5.1.5	* from API rID32A, API 20A
	Only first 10 entries are displayed. Click here to see all.

API® 20A:

Note that the displayed test results represent raw data and therefore may deviate!

	API ID	Indole productionIND	Urease/urea hydrolysisURE	Acid from D-glucoseGLU	Acid from D-mannitolMAN	Acid from lactoseLAC	Acid from sucroseSAC	Acid from maltoseMAL	Acid from salicinSAL	Acid from D-xyloseXYL	Acid from L-arabinoseARA	Gelatinase/gelatin hydrolysisGEL	Esculin hydrolysis/beta-glucosidaseESC	Acid from glycerolGLY	Acid from cellobioseCEL	Acid from D-mannoseMNE	Acid from melezitoseMLZ	Acid from raffinoseRAF	Acid from sorbitolSOR	Acid from L-rhamnoseRHA	Acid from trehaloseTRE	CatalaseCAT	Spores presentSPOR	GramGRAM	Morphology coccus="+" rod="-"COCC
[Ref.: #18803]	1947	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	+	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.
[Ref.: #18803]	1943	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	+	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.
[Ref.: #18803]	1942	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	+	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.
[Ref.: #18803]	1930	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+/-	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.
[Ref.: #18803]	1917	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+	+	-
[Ref.: #18803]	1916	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.
[Ref.: #18803]	1854	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.
[Ref.: #18803]	1853	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	-	+/-	+	+/-	-	-	-	+	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.

API® rID32A:

Note that the displayed test results represent raw data and therefore may deviate!

	API ID	Urease/urea hydrolysisURE	Arginine dihydrolaseADH (Arg)	alpha-Galactosidasealpha GAL	beta-Galactosidasebeta GAL	beta-Galactosidase 6-phosphatebeta GP	alpha-Glucosidasealpha GLU	beta-Glucosidasebeta GLU	alpha-Arabinosidasealpha ARA	beta-Glucuronidasebeta GUR	beta-N-Acetyl-beta-glucosaminidasebeta NAG	Fermentation of D-mannoseMNE	Fermentation of raffinoseRAF	Glutamate decarboxylaseGDC	alpha-Fucosidasealpha FUC	Reduction of nitrateNIT	Indole productionIND	Alkaline phosphatasePAL	L-arginine arylamidaseArgA	Proline arylamidaseProA	Leucyl glycin arylamidaseLGA	Phenylalanine arylamidasePheA	Leucine arylamidaseLeuA	Pyrrolidonyl arylamidasePyrA	Tyrosine arylamidaseTyrA	Alanine arylamidaseAlaA	Glycin arylamidaseGlyA	Histidine arylamidaseHisA	Glutamyl-glutamate arylamidaseGGA	Serine arylamidaseSerA
[Ref.: #18803]	12078	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-
[Ref.: #18803]	12021	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
[Ref.: #18803]	11939	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
[Ref.: #18803]	11829	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
[Ref.: #18803]	11819	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
[Ref.: #18803]	11761	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
[Ref.: #18803]	11702	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
[Ref.: #18803]	11169	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Information on isolation source, the sampling and environmental conditions Isolation, sampling and environmental information

[Ref.: #18803]	Sample type/isolated from	Faeces from a symptomatic patient. Outbreak at Stoke Mandeville Hospital, UK
[Ref.: #18803]	Geographic location (country and/or sea, region)	Buckinghamshire, Aylesbury
[Ref.: #18803]	Country	United Kingdom
[Ref.: #18803]	Country ISO 3 Code	GBR
[Ref.: #18803]	Continent	Europe
* marker position based on {}

Isolation sources categories

#Infection	#Disease	-
#Infection	#Medical environment	#Clinic
#Infection	#Patient	-
#Host Body Product	#Gastrointestinal tract	#Feces (Stool)

What are isolation sources categories?

Information on possible application of the strain and its possible interaction with e.g. potential hosts Safety information

[Ref.: #18803]	Pathogenicity (human)	yes
[Ref.: #18803]	Pathogenicity (animal)	yes
[Ref.: #18803]	Biosafety level	2	Risk group (German classification) According to TRBA 466

Information on genomic background e.g. entries in nucleic sequence databass Sequence information

Genome sequence information:

Only first 5 entries are displayed. Click here to see all.

	Sequence accession description	Seq. accession number	Assembly level (bp)	Sequence database	Associated NCBI tax ID
[Ref.: #66792]	Bordetella trematum NCTC13366	GCA_900618205	contig	GenBank	123899 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #66792]	Clostridioides difficile R20291 R20291	GCA_015732555	complete	GenBank	645463 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #66792]	Clostridioides difficile R20291 R20291	GCA_000027105	chromosome	GenBank	645463 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #66792]	Clostridioides difficile R20291	645463.57	complete	PATRIC	645463 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #66792]	Clostridioides difficile strain NCTC13366	1496.3367	wgs	PATRIC	1496 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #66792]	Clostridioides difficile R20291	646311915	complete	JGI IMG/M	645463 tax ID	*

Availability in culture collections External links

[Ref.: #18803]

Culture collection no.

DSM 27147, NCTC 13366

Literature:

Only first 10 entries are displayed. Click here to see all.

Topic	Title	Authors	Journal	DOI	Year
Pathogenicity	Comparative genome and phenotypic analysis of Clostridium difficile 027 strains provides insight into the evolution of a hypervirulent bacterium.	Stabler RA, He M, Dawson L, Martin M, Valiente E, Corton C, Lawley TD, Sebaihia M, Quail MA, Rose G, Gerding DN, Gibert M, Popoff MR, Parkhill J, Dougan G, Wren BW	Genome Biol	10.1186/gb-2009-10-9-r102	2009	*
Pathogenicity	SleC is essential for germination of Clostridium difficile spores in nutrient-rich medium supplemented with the bile salt taurocholate.	Burns DA, Heap JT, Minton NP	J Bacteriol	10.1128/JB.01209-09	2009	*
Pathogenicity	A mariner-based transposon system for in vivo random mutagenesis of Clostridium difficile.	Cartman ST, Minton NP	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/AEM.02525-09	2009	*
Pathogenicity	Infection of hamsters with the UK Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 outbreak strain R20291.	Buckley AM, Spencer J, Candlish D, Irvine JJ, Douce GR	J Med Microbiol	10.1099/jmm.0.028514-0	2011	*
Pathogenicity	Efficacy of "sporicidal" wipes against Clostridium difficile.	Siani H, Cooper C, Maillard JY	Am J Infect Control	10.1016/j.ajic.2011.01.006	2011	*
Metabolism	The analysis of para-cresol production and tolerance in Clostridium difficile 027 and 012 strains.	Dawson LF, Donahue EH, Cartman ST, Barton RH, Bundy J, McNerney R, Minton NP, Wren BW	BMC Microbiol	10.1186/1471-2180-11-86	2011	*
Pathogenicity	Genetic organisation, mobility and predicted functions of genes on integrated, mobile genetic elements in sequenced strains of Clostridium difficile.	Brouwer MS, Warburton PJ, Roberts AP, Mullany P, Allan E	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0023014	2011	*
Phylogeny	Behavior and target site selection of conjugative transposon Tn916 in two different strains of toxigenic Clostridium difficile.	Mullany P, Williams R, Langridge GC, Turner DJ, Whalan R, Clayton C, Lawley T, Hussain H, McCurrie K, Morden N, Allan E, Roberts AP	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/AEM.06193-11	2012	*
Genetics	Precise manipulation of the Clostridium difficile chromosome reveals a lack of association between the tcdC genotype and toxin production.	Cartman ST, Kelly ML, Heeg D, Heap JT, Minton NP	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/AEM.00249-12	2012	*
Pathogenicity	Multiple factors modulate biofilm formation by the anaerobic pathogen Clostridium difficile.	Ethapa T, Leuzzi R, Ng YK, Baban ST, Adamo R, Kuehne SA, Scarselli M, Minton NP, Serruto D, Unnikrishnan M	J Bacteriol	10.1128/JB.01980-12	2012	*
Genetics	Expanding the repertoire of gene tools for precise manipulation of the Clostridium difficile genome: allelic exchange using pyrE alleles.	Ng YK, Ehsaan M, Philip S, Collery MM, Janoir C, Collignon A, Cartman ST, Minton NP	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0056051	2013	*
Pathogenicity	Clostridium-DT(DB): a comprehensive database for potential drug targets of Clostridium difficile.	Jadhav A, Ezhilarasan V, Prakash Sharma O, Pan A	Comput Biol Med	10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.01.009	2013	*
Genetics	The agr locus regulates virulence and colonization genes in Clostridium difficile 027.	Martin MJ, Clare S, Goulding D, Faulds-Pain A, Barquist L, Browne HP, Pettit L, Dougan G, Lawley TD, Wren BW	J Bacteriol	10.1128/JB.00473-13	2013	*
Metabolism	The Clostridium difficile exosporium cysteine (CdeC)-rich protein is required for exosporium morphogenesis and coat assembly.	Barra-Carrasco J, Olguin-Araneda V, Plaza-Garrido A, Miranda-Cardenas C, Cofre-Araneda G, Pizarro-Guajardo M, Sarker MR, Paredes-Sabja D	J Bacteriol	10.1128/JB.00369-13	2013	*
Metabolism	Clostridium difficile modulates host innate immunity via toxin-independent and dependent mechanism(s).	Jafari NV, Kuehne SA, Bryant CE, Elawad M, Wren BW, Minton NP, Allan E, Bajaj-Elliott M	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0069846	2013	*
Pathogenicity	Importance of toxin A, toxin B, and CDT in virulence of an epidemic Clostridium difficile strain.	Kuehne SA, Collery MM, Kelly ML, Cartman ST, Cockayne A, Minton NP	J Infect Dis	10.1093/infdis/jit426	2013	*
Pathogenicity	The role of flagella in Clostridium difficile pathogenesis: comparison between a non-epidemic and an epidemic strain.	Baban ST, Kuehne SA, Barketi-Klai A, Cartman ST, Kelly ML, Hardie KR, Kansau I, Collignon A, Minton NP	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0073026	2013	*
Metabolism	Identification of a novel zinc metalloprotease through a global analysis of Clostridium difficile extracellular proteins.	Cafardi V, Biagini M, Martinelli M, Leuzzi R, Rubino JT, Cantini F, Norais N, Scarselli M, Serruto D, Unnikrishnan M	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0081306	2013	*
Metabolism	The spore-associated protein BclA1 affects the susceptibility of animals to colonization and infection by Clostridium difficile.	Phetcharaburanin J, Hong HA, Colenutt C, Bianconi I, Sempere L, Permpoonpattana P, Smith K, Dembek M, Tan S, Brisson MC, Brisson AR, Fairweather NF, Cutting SM	Mol Microbiol	10.1111/mmi.12611	2014	*
Genetics	Identification and characterization of glycoproteins on the spore surface of Clostridium difficile.	Strong PC, Fulton KM, Aubry A, Foote S, Twine SM, Logan SM	J Bacteriol	10.1128/JB.01469-14	2014	*
Metabolism	The flagellin FliC of Clostridium difficile is responsible for pleiotropic gene regulation during in vivo infection.	Barketi-Klai A, Monot M, Hoys S, Lambert-Bordes S, Kuehne SA, Minton N, Collignon A, Dupuy B, Kansau I	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0096876	2014	*
Phenotype	Comparative nutritional and chemical phenome of Clostridium difficile isolates determined using phenotype microarrays.	Scaria J, Chen JW, Useh N, He H, McDonough SP, Mao C, Sobral B, Chang YF	Int J Infect Dis	10.1016/j.ijid.2014.06.018	2014	*
Metabolism	Global transcriptional response of Clostridium difficile carrying the CD38 prophage.	Sekulovic O, Fortier LC	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/AEM.03656-14	2015	*
Pathogenicity	High-throughput analysis of gene essentiality and sporulation in Clostridium difficile.	Dembek M, Barquist L, Boinett CJ, Cain AK, Mayho M, Lawley TD, Fairweather NF, Fagan RP	mBio	10.1128/mBio.02383-14	2015	*
Metabolism	Observations on the Role of TcdE Isoforms in Clostridium difficile Toxin Secretion.	Govind R, Fitzwater L, Nichols R	J Bacteriol	10.1128/JB.00224-15	2015	*
Metabolism	The Clostridium difficile cell wall protein CwpV confers phase-variable phage resistance.	Sekulovic O, Ospina Bedoya M, Fivian-Hughes AS, Fairweather NF, Fortier LC	Mol Microbiol	10.1111/mmi.13121	2015	*
Genetics	Function of the CRISPR-Cas System of the Human Pathogen Clostridium difficile.	Boudry P, Semenova E, Monot M, Datsenko KA, Lopatina A, Sekulovic O, Ospina-Bedoya M, Fortier LC, Severinov K, Dupuy B, Soutourina O	mBio	10.1128/mBio.01112-15	2015	*
Metabolism	Regulation of Type IV Pili Contributes to Surface Behaviors of Historical and Epidemic Strains of Clostridium difficile.	Purcell EB, McKee RW, Bordeleau E, Burrus V, Tamayo R	J Bacteriol	10.1128/JB.00816-15	2015	*
Pathogenicity	The SOS Response Master Regulator LexA Is Associated with Sporulation, Motility and Biofilm Formation in Clostridium difficile.	Walter BM, Cartman ST, Minton NP, Butala M, Rupnik M	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0144763	2015	*
Pathogenicity	Clostridium difficile-mediated effects on human intestinal epithelia: Modelling host-pathogen interactions in a vertical diffusion chamber.	Jafari NV, Kuehne SA, Minton NP, Allan E, Bajaj-Elliott M	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.12.007	2015	*
Pathogenicity	Impact on toxin production and cell morphology in Clostridium difficile by ridinilazole (SMT19969), a novel treatment for C. difficile infection.	Basseres E, Endres BT, Khaleduzzaman M, Miraftabi F, Alam MJ, Vickers RJ, Garey KW	J Antimicrob Chemother	10.1093/jac/dkv498	2016	*
Pathogenicity	Improving the reproducibility of the NAP1/B1/027 epidemic strain R20291 in the hamster model of infection.	Kelly ML, Ng YK, Cartman ST, Collery MM, Cockayne A, Minton NP	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.02.011	2016	*
Phylogeny	Isolation of recombinant antibodies directed against surface proteins of Clostridium difficile.	Shirvan AN, Aitken R	Braz J Microbiol	10.1016/j.bjm.2016.01.017	2016	*
Pathogenicity	Evaluating the Effects of Surotomycin Treatment on Clostridium difficile Toxin A and B Production, Immune Response, and Morphological Changes.	Endres BT, Basseres E, Khaleduzzaman M, Alam MJ, Chesnel L, Garey KW	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/AAC.00211-16	2016	*
Transcriptome	Deciphering Adaptation Strategies of the Epidemic Clostridium difficile 027 Strain during Infection through In Vivo Transcriptional Analysis.	Kansau I, Barketi-Klai A, Monot M, Hoys S, Dupuy B, Janoir C, Collignon A	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0158204	2016	*
Metabolism	Heat shock increases conjugation efficiency in Clostridium difficile.	Kirk JA, Fagan RP	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.06.009	2016	*
Phylogeny	Nosocomial transmission of Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 in a Chinese hospital, 2012-2014, traced by whole genome sequencing.	Jia H, Du P, Yang H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhang W, Han G, Han N, Yao Z, Wang H, Zhang J, Wang Z, Ding Q, Qiang Y, Barbut F, Gao GF, Cao Y, Cheng Y, Chen C	BMC Genomics	10.1186/s12864-016-2708-0	2016	*
Metabolism	Crystal structures of two nitroreductases from hypervirulent Clostridium difficile and functionally related interactions with the antibiotic metronidazole.	Wang B, Powell SM, Hessami N, Najar FZ, Thomas LM, Karr EA, West AH, Richter-Addo GB	Nitric Oxide	10.1016/j.niox.2016.09.003	2016	*
Metabolism	Characterization of the Adherence of Clostridium difficile Spores: The Integrity of the Outermost Layer Affects Adherence Properties of Spores of the Epidemic Strain R20291 to Components of the Intestinal Mucosa.	Mora-Uribe P, Miranda-Cardenas C, Castro-Cordova P, Gil F, Calderon I, Fuentes JA, Rodas PI, Banawas S, Sarker MR, Paredes-Sabja D	Front Cell Infect Microbiol	10.3389/fcimb.2016.00099	2016	*
Metabolism	Crystal structure and DNA binding activity of a PadR family transcription regulator from hypervirulent Clostridium difficile R20291.	Isom CE, Menon SK, Thomas LM, West AH, Richter-Addo GB, Karr EA	BMC Microbiol	10.1186/s12866-016-0850-0	2016	*
Stress	Chemical and Stress Resistances of Clostridium difficile Spores and Vegetative Cells.	Edwards AN, Karim ST, Pascual RA, Jowhar LM, Anderson SE, McBride SM	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2016.01698	2016	*
Enzymology	Characterization of the Clostridium difficile volatile metabolome using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry.	Rees CA, Shen A, Hill JE	J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci	10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.11.009	2016	*
Pathogenicity	Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291.	Winston JA, Thanissery R, Montgomery SA, Theriot CM	J Vis Exp	10.3791/54850	2016	*
Pathogenicity	Evolutionary clade affects resistance of Clostridium difficile spores to Cold Atmospheric Plasma.	Connor M, Flynn PB, Fairley DJ, Marks N, Manesiotis P, Graham WG, Gilmore BF, McGrath JW	Sci Rep	10.1038/srep41814	2017	*
Pathogenicity	Making life difficult for Clostridium difficile: augmenting the pathogen's metabolic model with transcriptomic and codon usage data for better therapeutic target characterization.	Kashaf SS, Angione C, Lio P	BMC Syst Biol	10.1186/s12918-017-0395-3	2017	*
Genetics	The challenge of detecting indels in bacterial genomes from short-read sequencing data.	Steglich M, Nubel U	J Biotechnol	10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.02.026	2017	*
Pathogenicity	Inhibition of spore germination, growth, and toxin activity of clinically relevant C. difficile strains by gut microbiota derived secondary bile acids.	Thanissery R, Winston JA, Theriot CM	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.03.004	2017	*
Pathogenicity	Survival of Clostridium difficile spores at low water activity.	Deng K, Talukdar PK, Sarker MR, Paredes-Sabja D, Torres JA	Food Microbiol	10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.013	2017	*
Pathogenicity	A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment.	Endres B, Basseres E, Rashid T, Chang L, Alam MJ, Garey KW	J Vis Exp	10.3791/55383	2017	*
Metabolism	High metabolic versatility of different toxigenic and non-toxigenic Clostridioides difficile isolates.	Riedel T, Wetzel D, Hofmann JD, Plorin SPEO, Dannheim H, Berges M, Zimmermann O, Bunk B, Schober I, Sproer C, Liesegang H, Jahn D, Overmann J, Gross U, Neumann-Schaal M	Int J Med Microbiol	10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.05.007	2017	*
Pathogenicity	Characterization of Chicken IgY Specific to Clostridium difficile R20291 Spores and the Effect of Oral Administration in Mouse Models of Initiation and Recurrent Disease.	Pizarro-Guajardo M, Diaz-Gonzalez F, Alvarez-Lobos M, Paredes-Sabja D	Front Cell Infect Microbiol	10.3389/fcimb.2017.00365	2017	*
Pathogenicity	Characterization of the impact of rpoB mutations on the in vitro and in vivo competitive fitness of Clostridium difficile and susceptibility to fidaxomicin.	Kuehne SA, Dempster AW, Collery MM, Joshi N, Jowett J, Kelly ML, Cave R, Longshaw CM, Minton NP	J Antimicrob Chemother	10.1093/jac/dkx486	2018	*
Metabolism	Pleiotropic roles of Clostridium difficile sin locus.	Girinathan BP, Ou J, Dupuy B, Govind R	PLoS Pathog	10.1371/journal.ppat.1006940	2018	*
Enzymology	Identification of Clostridium difficile Immunoreactive Spore Proteins of the Epidemic Strain R20291.	Pizarro-Guajardo M, Ravanal MC, Paez MD, Callegari E, Paredes-Sabja D	Proteomics Clin Appl	10.1002/prca.201700182	2018	*
Metabolism	Characterization of Flagellum and Toxin Phase Variation in Clostridioides difficile Ribotype 012 Isolates.	Anjuwon-Foster BR, Maldonado-Vazquez N, Tamayo R	J Bacteriol	10.1128/JB.00056-18	2018	*
Biotechnology	Convergent Loss of ABC Transporter Genes From Clostridioides difficile Genomes Is Associated With Impaired Tyrosine Uptake and p-Cresol Production.	Steglich M, Hofmann JD, Helmecke J, Sikorski J, Sproer C, Riedel T, Bunk B, Overmann J, Neumann-Schaal M, Nubel U	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2018.00901	2018	*
Pathogenicity	The Design, Synthesis, and Characterizations of Spore Germination Inhibitors Effective against an Epidemic Strain of Clostridium difficile.	Sharma SK, Yip C, Esposito EX, Sharma PV, Simon MP, Abel-Santos E, Firestine SM	J Med Chem	10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00632	2018	*
Metabolism	Time-resolved transcriptome analysis of Clostridium difficile R20291 response to cysteine.	Gu H, Shi K, Liao Z, Qi H, Chen S, Wang H, Li S, Ma Y, Wang J	Microbiol Res	10.1016/j.micres.2018.07.003	2018	*
Metabolism	Regulatory Targets of the Response Regulator RR_1586 from Clostridioides difficile Identified Using a Bacterial One-Hybrid Screen.	Hebdon SD, Menon SK, Richter-Addo GB, Karr EA, West AH	J Bacteriol	10.1128/JB.00351-18	2018	*
Pathogenicity	Characterization of the virulence of a non-RT027, non-RT078 and binary toxin-positive Clostridium difficile strain associated with severe diarrhea.	Li C, Harmanus C, Zhu D, Meng X, Wang S, Duan J, Liu S, Fu C, Zhou P, Liu R, Wu A, Kuijper EJ, Smits WK, Fu L, Sun X	Emerg Microbes Infect	10.1038/s41426-018-0211-1	2018	*
Metabolism	Cwp22, a novel peptidoglycan cross-linking enzyme, plays pleiotropic roles in Clostridioides difficile.	Zhu D, Bullock J, He Y, Sun X	Environ Microbiol	10.1111/1462-2920.14706	2019	*
Pathogenicity	Interlaboratory reproducibility of a test method following 4-field test methodology to evaluate the susceptibility of Clostridium difficile spores.	Gemein S, Gebel J, Christiansen B, Martiny H, Vossebein L, Brill FHH, Decius M, Eggers M, Koburger-Janssen T, Meckel M, Werner S, Hunsinger B, Selhorst T, Kampf G, Exner M	J Hosp Infect	10.1016/j.jhin.2019.04.011	2019	*
Pathogenicity	Phenotypic characterisation of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 251, an emerging multi-locus sequence type clade 2 strain in Australia.	Hong S, Knight DR, Chang B, Carman RJ, Riley TV	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.06.019	2019	*
Pathogenicity	Single cell analysis of nutrient regulation of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile motility.	Courson DS, Pokhrel A, Scott C, Madrill M, Rinehold AJ, Tamayo R, Cheney RE, Purcell EB	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102080	2019	*
Metabolism	Strain-Dependent RstA Regulation of Clostridioides difficile Toxin Production and Sporulation.	Edwards AN, Krall EG, McBride SM	J Bacteriol	10.1128/JB.00586-19	2020	*
Metabolism	The Transcriptional Regulator Lrp Contributes to Toxin Expression, Sporulation, and Swimming Motility in Clostridium difficile.	Chen KY, Rathod J, Chiu YC, Chen JW, Tsai PJ, Huang IH	Front Cell Infect Microbiol	10.3389/fcimb.2019.00356	2019	*
Physiology	The Impact of pH on Clostridioides difficile Sporulation and Physiology.	Wetzel D, McBride SM	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/AEM.02706-19	2020	*
Pathogenicity	Effect of antibiotic to induce Clostridioides difficile-susceptibility and infectious strain in a mouse model of Clostridioides difficile infection and recurrence.	Castro-Cordova P, Diaz-Yanez F, Munoz-Miralles J, Gil F, Paredes-Sabja D	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102149	2020	*
Biotechnology	In vitro Production and Immunogenicity of a Clostridium Difficile Spore-Specific BclA3 Glycopeptide Conjugate Vaccine.	Aubry A, Zou W, Vinogradov E, Williams D, Chen W, Harris G, Zhou H, Schur MJ, Gilbert M, Douce GR, Logan SM	Vaccines (Basel)	10.3390/vaccines8010073	2020	*
Phylogeny	Origin, genomic diversity and microevolution of the Clostridium difficile B1/NAP1/RT027/ST01 strain in Costa Rica, Chile, Honduras and Mexico.	Guerrero-Araya E, Meneses C, Castro-Nallar E, Guzman D AM, Alvarez-Lobos M, Quesada-Gomez C, Paredes-Sabja D, Rodriguez C	Microb Genom	10.1099/mgen.0.000355	2020	*
Pathogenicity	Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) Mitigates the Host Inflammatory Response during Clostridioides difficile Infection by Altering Gut Bile Acids.	Winston JA, Rivera AJ, Cai J, Thanissery R, Montgomery SA, Patterson AD, Theriot CM	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.00045-20	2020	*
Metabolism	Characterization of Clostridioides difficile DSM 101085 with A-B-CDT+ Phenotype from a Late Recurrent Colonization.	Riedel T, Neumann-Schaal M, Wittmann J, Schober I, Hofmann JD, Lu CW, Dannheim A, Zimmermann O, Lochner M, Gross U, Overmann J	Genome Biol Evol	10.1093/gbe/evaa072	2020	*
Metabolism	Evaluation of functionality of type II toxin-antitoxin systems of Clostridioides difficile R20291.	Alvarez R, Ortega-Fuentes C, Queralto C, Inostroza O, Diaz-Yanez F, Gonzalez R, Calderon IL, Fuentes JA, Paredes-Sabja D, Gil F	Microbiol Res	10.1016/j.micres.2020.126539	2020	*
Pathogenicity	The (p)ppGpp Synthetase RSH Mediates Stationary-Phase Onset and Antibiotic Stress Survival in Clostridioides difficile.	Pokhrel A, Poudel A, Castro KB, Celestine MJ, Oludiran A, Rinehold AJ, Resek AM, Mhanna MA, Purcell EB	J Bacteriol	10.1128/JB.00377-20	2020	*
Metabolism	Spo0A Suppresses sin Locus Expression in Clostridioides difficile.	Dhungel BA, Govind R	mSphere	10.1128/mSphere.00963-20	2020	*
Metabolism	Receptor Binding Domains of TcdB from Clostridioides difficile for Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan-4 and Frizzled Proteins Are Functionally Independent and Additive.	Henkel D, Tatge H, Schottelndreier D, Tao L, Dong M, Gerhard R	Toxins (Basel)	10.3390/toxins12120736	2020	*
Pathogenicity	The Acid-Dependent and Independent Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, Lacticaseibacillus casei LBC80R, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CLR2 on Clostridioides difficile R20291.	Gunaratnam S, Diarra C, Paquette PD, Ship N, Millette M, Lacroix M	Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins	10.1007/s12602-020-09729-5	2021	*
Metabolism	Extracellular DNA, cell surface proteins and c-di-GMP promote biofilm formation in Clostridioides difficile.	Dawson LF, Peltier J, Hall CL, Harrison MA, Derakhshan M, Shaw HA, Fairweather NF, Wren BW	Sci Rep	10.1038/s41598-020-78437-5	2021	*
Phylogeny	Molecular characterization of Clostridioides difficile ribotype 027 in a major Chinese hospital.	Zhang RF, Man YX, Bai YY, Shao CH, Liu CM, Wang CH, Lei YX, Wang Y, Jin Y	J Microbiol Immunol Infect	10.1016/j.jmii.2021.01.003	2021	*
Pathogenicity	Cwl0971, a novel peptidoglycan hydrolase, plays pleiotropic roles in Clostridioides difficile R20291.	Zhu D, Patabendige HMLW, Tomlinson BR, Wang S, Hussain S, Flores D, He Y, Shaw LN, Sun X	Environ Microbiol	10.1111/1462-2920.15529	2021	*
Phylogeny	What's a SNP between friends: The lineage of Clostridioides difficile R20291 can effect research outcomes.	Monteford J, Bilverstone TW, Ingle P, Philip S, Kuehne SA, Minton NP	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102422	2021	*
Metabolism	Ebselen Not Only Inhibits Clostridioides difficile Toxins but Displays Redox-Associated Cellular Killing.	Marreddy RKR, Olaitan AO, May JN, Dong M, Hurdle JG	Microbiol Spectr	10.1128/Spectrum.00448-21	2021	*
Pathogenicity	Biofilm regulation in Clostridioides difficile: Novel systems linked to hypervirulence.	Taggart MG, Snelling WJ, Naughton PJ, La Ragione RM, Dooley JSG, Ternan NG	PLoS Pathog	10.1371/journal.ppat.1009817	2021	*
Physiology	FliW and CsrA Govern Flagellin (FliC) Synthesis and Play Pleiotropic Roles in Virulence and Physiology of Clostridioides difficile R20291.	Zhu D, Wang S, Sun X	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2021.735616	2021	*
Physiology	Impact of Phage CDHS-1 on the Transcription, Physiology and Pathogenicity of a Clostridioides difficile Ribotype 027 Strain, R20291.	Nale JY, Al-Tayawi TS, Heaphy S, Clokie MRJ	Viruses	10.3390/v13112262	2021	*
Pathogenicity	Studies on the Importance of the 7alpha-, and 12alpha- hydroxyl groups of N-Aryl-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-amides on their Antigermination Activity Against a Hypervirulent Strain of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile.	Sharma SK, Yip C, Simon MP, Phan J, Abel-Santos E, Firestine SM	Bioorg Med Chem	10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116503	2021	*
Metabolism	c-di-GMP Inhibits Early Sporulation in Clostridioides difficile.	Edwards AN, Willams CL, Pareek N, McBride SM, Tamayo R	mSphere	10.1128/msphere.00919-21	2021	*
Metabolism	Oxidative ornithine metabolism supports non-inflammatory C. difficile colonization.	Pruss KM, Enam F, Battaglioli E, DeFeo M, Diaz OR, Higginbottom SK, Fischer CR, Hryckowian AJ, Van Treuren W, Dodd D, Kashyap P, Sonnenburg JL	Nat Metab	10.1038/s42255-021-00506-4	2022	*
Pathogenicity	Glucosyltransferase-dependent and independent effects of Clostridioides difficile toxins during infection.	Peritore-Galve FC, Shupe JA, Cave RJ, Childress KO, Washington MK, Kuehne SA, Lacy DB	PLoS Pathog	10.1371/journal.ppat.1010323	2022	*
Metabolism	Flagellum and toxin phase variation impacts intestinal colonization and disease development in a mouse model of Clostridioides difficile infection.	Trzilova D, Warren MAH, Gadda NC, Williams CL, Tamayo R	Gut Microbes	10.1080/19490976.2022.2038854	2022	*
Pathogenicity	Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of the Nontoxigenic Clostridioides difficile Strain CCUG37785 and Demonstration of Its Therapeutic Potential for the Prevention of C. difficile Infection.	Wang S, Heuler J, Wickramage I, Sun X	Microbiol Spectr	10.1128/spectrum.01788-21	2022	*
Metabolism	Response Regulator CD1688 Is a Negative Modulator of Sporulation in Clostridioides difficile.	Kempher ML, Morris SC, Shadid TM, Menon SK, Ballard JD, West AH	J Bacteriol	10.1128/jb.00130-22	2022	*
Pathogenicity	d-Proline Reductase Underlies Proline-Dependent Growth of Clostridioides difficile.	Johnstone MA, Self WT	J Bacteriol	10.1128/jb.00229-22	2022	*
	Demonstration of conjugative transposon (Tn5397)-mediated horizontal gene transfer between Clostridium difficile and Enterococcus faecalis.	Jasni AS, Mullany P, Hussain H, Roberts AP	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/AAC.00496-10	2010	*
	In-depth genetic analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR-ribotype 027 strains reveals high genome fluidity including point mutations and inversions.	Stabler RA, Valiente E, Dawson LF, He M, Parkhill J, Wren BW	Gut Microbes	10.4161/gmic.1.4.11870	2010	*
	Characterisation of Clostridium difficile biofilm formation, a role for Spo0A.	Dawson LF, Valiente E, Faulds-Pain A, Donahue EH, Wren BW	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0050527	2012	*
	Identification, immunogenicity, and cross-reactivity of type IV pilin and pilin-like proteins from Clostridium difficile.	Maldarelli GA, De Masi L, von Rosenvinge EC, Carter M, Donnenberg MS	Pathog Dis	10.1111/2049-632X.12137	2014	*
	Survival of Clostridium difficile spores at low temperatures.	Deng K, Plaza-Garrido A, Torres JA, Paredes-Sabja D	Food Microbiol	10.1016/j.fm.2014.07.022	2014	*
	Effect of tcdR Mutation on Sporulation in the Epidemic Clostridium difficile Strain R20291.	Girinathan BP, Monot M, Boyle D, McAllister KN, Sorg JA, Dupuy B, Govind R	mSphere	10.1128/mSphere.00383-16	2017	*
	Biofilm Structures in a Mono-Associated Mouse Model of Clostridium difficile Infection.	Soavelomandroso AP, Gaudin F, Hoys S, Nicolas V, Vedantam G, Janoir C, Bouttier S	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2017.02086	2017	*
	Comparative genomic analysis of Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 strains including the newly sequenced strain NCKUH-21 isolated from a patient in Taiwan.	Suzuki H, Tomita M, Tsai PJ, Ko WC, Hung YP, Huang IH, Chen JW	Gut Pathog	10.1186/s13099-017-0219-4	2017	*
	A Small Molecule-Screening Pipeline to Evaluate the Therapeutic Potential of 2-Aminoimidazole Molecules Against Clostridium difficile.	Thanissery R, Zeng D, Doyle RG, Theriot CM	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2018.01206	2018	*
	The Conserved Cys-2232 in Clostridioides difficile Toxin B Modulates Receptor Binding.	Chung SY, Schottelndreier D, Tatge H, Fuhner V, Hust M, Beer LA, Gerhard R	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2018.02314	2018	*
	Using an Endogenous CRISPR-Cas System for Genome Editing in the Human Pathogen Clostridium difficile.	Maikova A, Kreis V, Boutserin A, Severinov K, Soutourina O	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/AEM.01416-19	2019	*
	Hypervirulent clade 2, ribotype 019/sequence type 67 Clostridioides difficile strain from Japan.	Saito R, Usui Y, Ayibieke A, Nakajima J, Prah I, Sonobe K, Aiso Y, Ito S, Itsui Y, Hadano Y, Nukui Y, Koike R, Tohda S	Gut Pathog	10.1186/s13099-019-0336-3	2019	*
	A High-Fat/High-Protein, Atkins-Type Diet Exacerbates Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Infection in Mice, whereas a High-Carbohydrate Diet Protects.	Mefferd CC, Bhute SS, Phan JR, Villarama JV, Do DM, Alarcia S, Abel-Santos E, Hedlund BP	mSystems	10.1128/mSystems.00765-19	2020	*
	Characterization of Exosporium Layer Variability of Clostridioides difficile Spores in the Epidemically Relevant Strain R20291.	Pizarro-Guajardo M, Calderon-Romero P, Romero-Rodriguez A, Paredes-Sabja D	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2020.01345	2020	*
	Novel Drivers of Virulence in Clostridioides difficile Identified via Context-Specific Metabolic Network Analysis.	Jenior ML, Leslie JL, Powers DA, Garrett EM, Walker KA, Dickenson ME, Petri WA Jr, Tamayo R, Papin JA	mSystems	10.1128/mSystems.00919-21	2021	*
	An Aniline-Substituted Bile Salt Analog Protects both Mice and Hamsters from Multiple Clostridioides difficile Strains.	Phan JR, Do DM, Truong MC, Ngo C, Phan JH, Sharma SK, Schilke A, Mefferd CC, Villarama JV, Lai D, Consul A, Hedlund BP, Firestine SM, Abel-Santos E	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/AAC.01435-21	2021	*

References

#18803

Leibniz Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH ; Curators of the DSMZ; DSM 27147

#20215

Parte, A.C., Sardà Carbasse, J., Meier-Kolthoff, J.P., Reimer, L.C. and Göker, M.: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. IJSEM ( DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.004332 )

#66792

Julia Koblitz, Joaquim Sardà, Lorenz Christian Reimer, Boyke Bunk, Jörg Overmann: Automatically annotated for the DiASPora project (Digital Approaches for the Synthesis of Poorly Accessible Biodiversity Information) .

#68367

Automatically annotated from API 20A .

#68380

Automatically annotated from API rID32A .

#69480

Julia Koblitz, Joaquim Sardà, Lorenz Christian Reimer, Boyke Bunk, Jörg Overmann: Predictions based on genome sequence made in the Diaspora project (Digital Approaches for the Synthesis of Poorly Accessible Biodiversity Information) .

* These data were automatically processed and therefore are not curated

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