Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus A7 | Type strain | DSM 5888, ATCC 25652, IAM 12616, ICPB 4164, JCM 20687, CIP 105952, IFO 15767, LMG 127, LMG 22047, LMG 8173, NBRC 15767, NCIMB 1537 | BacDiveID:13735

Strain identifier

BacDive ID: 13735

Type strain:

Species: Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus

Strain Designation: A7

Culture col. no.: DSM 5888, ATCC 25652, IAM 12616, ICPB 4164, JCM 20687, CIP 105952, IFO 15767, LMG 127, LMG 22047, LMG 8173, NBRC 15767, NCIMB 1537

Strain history: CIP <- 1999, ATCC <- R. Ahrens: strain A7

NCBI tax ID(s): 1123027 (strain), 77008 (species)

SI-ID 11529

LMG 8173, LMG 127, ATCC 25652, IAM 12616, CIP 105952, IFO 15767, DSM 5888, NCIMB 1537, LMG 22047, NBRC 15767, NCMB 1537, JCM 20687

Section

Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus A7 is a mesophilic, Gram-negative bacterium that was isolated from brackish water.

Gram-negative
mesophilic
16S sequence
Bacteria
genome sequence

Information on the name and the taxonomic classification. Name and taxonomic classification

	Last LPSN update	14-12-2023 (DD-MM-YYYY)
	Domain	"Bacteria"
	Phylum	*Pseudomonadota*
	Class	*Alphaproteobacteria*
	Order	*Rhodobacterales*
	Family	*Paracoccaceae*
	Genus	*Pseudorhodobacter*
	Species	**Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus**
	Full Scientific Name (LPSN)	Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus (Rüger and Höfle 1992 ex Ahrens and Rheinheimer 1967) Uchino et al. 2003

Synonym

Agrobacterium ferrugineum

Information on morphological and physiological properties Morphology

[Ref.: #119335]	Gram stain	negative
[Ref.: #69480]	Gram stain	negative Confidence in %99.996

[Ref.: #119335]	Cell shape	rod-shaped

[Ref.: #119335]	Motility	yes

Multimedia content

Caption:

electron microscopic image

Intellectual property rights:

© HZI/Manfred Rohde

Caption:

electron microscopic image

Intellectual property rights:

© HZI/Manfred Rohde

Caption:

electron microscopic image

Intellectual property rights:

© HZI/Manfred Rohde

Caption:

electron microscopic image

Intellectual property rights:

© HZI/Manfred Rohde

Caption:

electron microscopic image

Intellectual property rights:

© HZI/Manfred Rohde

Information on culture and growth conditions Culture and growth conditions

Culture medium

MARINE AGAR (DSMZ Medium 123)

Culture medium growth

Culture medium link

Medium recipe at MediaDive

Culture medium composition

expand / minimize

Culture medium

Marine agar (MA)

Culture medium growth

Culture medium composition

expand / minimize

[Ref.: #119335]

Culture medium

CIP Medium 13

[Ref.: #119335]

Culture medium growth

[Ref.: #119335]

Culture medium link

Medium recipe provided by DSMZ

	Temperatures	Kind of temperature		Temperature
[Ref.: #2346]			growth	26 °C
[Ref.: #40273]			growth	25 °C
[Ref.: #67770]			growth	25 °C
[Ref.: #119335]			growth	5-30 °C
[Ref.: #119335]		no	growth	37 °C
[Ref.: #119335]		no	growth	41 °C
[Ref.: #119335]		no	growth	45 °C

[Ref.: #2346]	Temperature range	mesophilic
[Ref.: #40273]	Temperature range	mesophilic
[Ref.: #67770]	Temperature range	mesophilic
[Ref.: #119335]	Temperature range	mesophilic
[Ref.: #119335]	Temperature range	thermophilic

Information on physiology and metabolism Physiology and metabolism

Ability of spore formation

no Confidence in %99.997

	Halophily	Salt	Tested relation		Salt conc.
[Ref.: #119335]		NaCl		growth	2	%
[Ref.: #119335]		NaCl	no	growth	0	%
[Ref.: #119335]		NaCl	no	growth	4	%
[Ref.: #119335]		NaCl	no	growth	6	%
[Ref.: #119335]		NaCl	no	growth	8	%
[Ref.: #119335]		NaCl	no	growth	10	%

Observation

quinones: Q-10

	Metabolite utilization	Metabolite	Utilization activity	Kind of utilization tested
[Ref.: #119335]		esculin ChEBI	-	hydrolysis
[Ref.: #119335]		hippurate ChEBI	-	hydrolysis
[Ref.: #119335]		malonate ChEBI	-	assimilation
[Ref.: #119335]		nitrate ChEBI	-	builds gas from
[Ref.: #119335]		nitrate ChEBI	-	reduction
[Ref.: #119335]		nitrite ChEBI	-	reduction

	Metabolite production	Metabolite	Production
[Ref.: #119335]		indole ChEBI	no

	Physiological tests	Metabolite	Voges-Proskauer-test	Methylred-test
[Ref.: #119335]		acetoin ChEBI	-
[Ref.: #119335]		glucose ChEBI		-

	Enzymes	Enzyme	Enzyme activity	EC number
[Ref.: #68382]		acid phosphatase	+	3.1.3.2	* from API zym
[Ref.: #119335]		alcohol dehydrogenase	-	1.1.1.1
[Ref.: #68382]		alkaline phosphatase	+	3.1.3.1	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68382]		alpha-chymotrypsin	-	3.4.21.1	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68382]		alpha-fucosidase	-	3.2.1.51	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68382]		alpha-galactosidase	+	3.2.1.22	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68382]		alpha-glucosidase	+	3.2.1.20	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68382]		alpha-mannosidase	-	3.2.1.24	* from API zym
[Ref.: #119335]		amylase	-
[Ref.: #119335]		beta-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.23
[Ref.: #68382]		beta-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.23	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68382]		beta-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.21	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68382]		beta-glucuronidase	-	3.2.1.31	* from API zym
[Ref.: #119335]		caseinase	-	3.4.21.50
[Ref.: #119335]		catalase	+	1.11.1.6
[Ref.: #68382]		cystine arylamidase	-	3.4.11.3	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68382]		esterase (C 4)	+		* from API zym
[Ref.: #68382]		esterase lipase (C 8)	+		* from API zym
[Ref.: #119335]		gamma-glutamyltransferase	-	2.3.2.2
[Ref.: #119335]		gelatinase	-
[Ref.: #119335]		lecithinase	-
[Ref.: #68382]		leucine arylamidase	+	3.4.11.1	* from API zym
[Ref.: #119335]		lipase	-
[Ref.: #68382]		lipase (C 14)	-		* from API zym
[Ref.: #119335]		lysine decarboxylase	-	4.1.1.18
[Ref.: #68382]		N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase	-	3.2.1.52	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68382]		naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase	+		* from API zym
[Ref.: #119335]		ornithine decarboxylase	-	4.1.1.17
[Ref.: #119335]		oxidase	+
[Ref.: #119335]		phenylalanine ammonia-lyase	-	4.3.1.24
[Ref.: #119335]		protease	-
[Ref.: #68382]		trypsin	-	3.4.21.4	* from API zym
[Ref.: #119335]		tryptophan deaminase	-
[Ref.: #119335]		tween esterase	-
[Ref.: #119335]		urease	-	3.5.1.5
[Ref.: #68382]		valine arylamidase	-		* from API zym
		Only first 10 entries are displayed. Click here to see all.

API® Biotype100:

Note that the displayed test results represent raw data and therefore may deviate!

	API ID	ControlQ	D-glucose as carbon sourceGLU	D-fructose as carbon sourceFRU	D-galactose as carbon sourceGAL	D-trehalose as carbon sourceTRE	D-mannose as carbon sourceMNE	L-sorbose as carbon sourceSBE	D-melibiose as carbon sourceMEL	sucrose as carbon sourceSAC	D-raffinose as carbon sourceRAF	maltotriose as carbon sourceMTE	maltose as carbon sourceMAL	lactose as carbon sourceLAC	lactulose as carbon sourceLTE	1-O-methyl-beta-galactopyranoside as carbon sourceMbGa	1-O-methyl-alpha-galactopyranoside as carbon sourceMaGa	D-cellobiose as carbon sourceCEL	gentiobiose as carbon sourceGEN	1-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside as carbon sourceMbGu	esculin as carbon sourceESC	D-ribose as carbon sourceRIB	L-arabinose as carbon sourceARA	D-xylose as carbon sourceXYL	palatinose as carbon sourcePLE	L-rhamnose as carbon sourceRHA	L-fucose as carbon sourceFUC	D-melezitose as carbon sourceMLZ	D-arabitol as carbon sourceDARL	L-arabitol as carbon sourceLARL	xylitol as carbon sourceXLT	dulcitol as carbon sourceDUL	D-tagatose as carbon sourceTAG	glycerol as carbon sourceGLY	myo-inositol as carbon sourceINO	D-mannitol as carbon sourceMAN	maltitol as carbon sourceMTL	D-turanose as carbon sourceTUR	D-sorbitol as carbon sourceSOR	adonitol as carbon sourceADO	hydroxyquinoline-beta-glucuronide as carbon sourceHBG	D-lyxose as carbon sourceLYX	i-erythritol as carbon sourceERY	1-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucoside as carbon sourceMDG	3-O-methyl-D-glucose as carbon source3MDG	D-saccharate as carbon sourceSAT	mucate as carbon sourceMUC	L-tartrate as carbon sourceLTAT	D-tartrate as carbon sourceDTAT	meso-tartrate as carbon sourceMTAT	D-malate as carbon sourceDMLT	L-malate as carbon sourceLMLT	cis-aconitate as carbon sourceCATE	trans-aconitate as carbon sourceTATE	tricarballylate as carbon sourceTTE	citrate as carbon sourceCIT	D-glucuronate as carbon sourceGRT	D-galacturonate as carbon sourceGAT	2-ketogluconate as carbon source2KG	5-ketogluconate as carbon source5KG	tryptophan as carbon sourceTRY	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as carbon sourceNAG	D-gluconate as carbon sourceGNT	phenylacetate as carbon sourcePAC	protocatechuate as carbon sourcePAT	4-hydroxybenzoate as carbon sourcepOBE	quinate as carbon sourceQAT	gentisate as carbon sourceGTE	3-hydroxybenzoate as carbon sourcemOBE	benzoate as carbon sourceBAT	3-phenylpropionate as carbon sourcePPAT	m-coumarate as carbon sourceCMT	trigonelline as carbon sourceTGE	betaine as carbon sourceBET	putrescine as carbon sourcePCE	4-aminobutyrate as carbon sourceABT	histamine as carbon sourceHIN	DL-lactate as carbon sourceLAT	caprate as carbon sourceCAP	caprylate as carbon sourceCYT	L-histidine as carbon sourceHIS	succinate as carbon sourceSUC	fumarate as carbon sourceFUM	glutarate as carbon sourceGRE	DL-glycerate as carbon sourceGYT	5-aminovalerate as carbon sourceAVT	ethanolamine as carbon sourceETN	tryptamine as carbon sourceTTN	D-glucosamine as carbon sourceGLN	itaconate as carbon sourceITA	3-hydroxybutyrate as carbon source3OBU	L-aspartate as carbon sourceAPT	L-glutamate as carbon sourceGTT	L-proline as carbon sourcePRO	D-alanine as carbon sourceDALA	L-alanine as carbon sourceLALA	L-serine as carbon sourceSER	malonate as carbon sourceMNT	propionate as carbon sourcePROP	L-tyrosine as carbon sourceTYR	2-ketoglutarate as carbon source2KT
[Ref.: #119335]	1440	not determinedn.d.	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

API® zym:

Note that the displayed test results represent raw data and therefore may deviate!

	API ID	Control	2-naphthyl phosphateAlkaline phosphatase	2-naphthyl butyrateEsterase (C 4)	2-naphtyl caprylateEsterase Lipase (C 8)	2-naphthyl myristateLipase (C 14)	L-leucyl-2-naphthylamideLeucine arylamidase	L-valyl-2-naphthylamideValine arylamidase	L-cystyl-2-naphthylamideCystine arylamidase	N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamideTrypsin	N-glutaryl-phenylalanine-2-naphthylamidealpha- Chymotrypsin	2-naphthyl phosphateAcid phosphatase	Naphthol-AS-BI-phosphateNaphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase	6-Br-2-naphthyl-alphaD-galactpyranosidealpha- Galactosidase	2-naphthyl-betaD-galactpyranosidebeta- Galactosidase	Naphthol-AS-BI-betaD-glucuronidebeta- Glucuronidase	2-naphthyl-alphaD-glucopyranosidealpha- Glucosidase	6-Br-2-naphthyl-betaD-glucopyranosidebeta- Glucosidase	1-naphthyl-N-acetyl-betaD-glucosaminideN-acetyl-beta- glucosaminidase	6-Br-2-naphthyl-alphaD-mannopyranosidealpha- Mannosidase	2-naphthyl-alphaL-fucopyranosidealpha- Fucosidase
[Ref.: #119335]	9118	-	+	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-

Information on isolation source, the sampling and environmental conditions Isolation, sampling and environmental information

[Ref.: #2346]	Sample type/isolated from	brackish water
[Ref.: #2346]	Geographic location (country and/or sea, region)	Baltic Sea

[Ref.: #67770]	Sample type/isolated from	Brackish water
[Ref.: #67770]	Geographic location (country and/or sea, region)	Baltic Sea

[Ref.: #119335]	Sample type/isolated from	Environment, Brackish water from the Baltic Sea
[Ref.: #119335]	Country	Baltic Sea
* marker position based on {}

Isolation sources categories

#Environmental

#Aquatic

#Brackish

What are isolation sources categories?

Global distribution of 16S sequence AB680963 (>99% sequence identity) for Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus subclade from Microbeatlas

Aquatic Samples	1245
Soil Samples	22
Animal Samples	65
Plant Samples	3
Total Samples	1335

Information on possible application of the strain and its possible interaction with e.g. potential hosts Safety information

[Ref.: #2346]	Biosafety level	1	Risk group (German classification) According to TRBA 466
[Ref.: #119335]	Biosafety level	1	Risk group (French classification)

Information on genomic background e.g. entries in nucleic sequence databass Sequence information

16S Sequence information:

	Sequence accession description	Seq. accession number	Sequence length (bp)	Sequence database	Associated NCBI tax ID
[Ref.: #20218]	Agrobacterium ferrugineum gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence	D88522	1400	ENA	77008 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #20218]	Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence, strain: NBRC 15767	AB680963	1405	ENA	77008 tax ID	*

Genome sequence information:

Only first 5 entries are displayed. Click here to see all.

	Sequence accession description	Seq. accession number	Assembly level	Sequence database	Associated NCBI tax ID
[Ref.: #67770]	Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus DSM 5888	GCA_000420745	contig	GenBank	1123027 tax ID
[Ref.: #67770]	Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus LMG 22047	GCA_001202045	contig	GenBank	77008 tax ID
[Ref.: #66792]	Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus DSM 5888	1123027.3	wgs	PATRIC	1123027 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #66792]	Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus strain LMG 22047	77008.4	wgs	PATRIC	77008 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #66792]	Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus LMG 22047	2772190752	draft	JGI IMG/M	77008 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #66792]	Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus DSM 5888	2524023154	draft	JGI IMG/M	1123027 tax ID	*

[Ref.: #67770]	GC-content	58 mol%	high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
[Ref.: #67770]	GC-content	58 mol%	thermal denaturation, midpoint method (Tm)

Data predicted using genome information as a basis Genome-based predictions

	Trait	Prediction	Confidence in %	In training data
	Predictions from GenomeNet Sporulation v. 1 based on: Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus DSM 5888 PATRIC: 1123027.3
[Ref.: #69481]	spore-forming	no	72	no

	Trait	Prediction	Confidence in %	In training data
	Predictions from Diaspora project based on: Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus DSM 5888 PATRIC: 1123027.3
[Ref.: #69480]	motile	no	72.01	no
[Ref.: #69480]	flagellated	no	88.482	no
[Ref.: #69480]	gram-positive	no	98.347	no
[Ref.: #69480]	anaerobic	no	97.835	no
[Ref.: #69480]	aerobic	yes	81.495	no
[Ref.: #69480]	halophile	no	59.887	no
[Ref.: #69480]	spore-forming	no	96.326	no
[Ref.: #69480]	thermophile	no	96.962	no
[Ref.: #69480]	glucose-util	yes	67.088	no
[Ref.: #69480]	glucose-ferment	no	90.279	no

Availability in culture collections External links

Culture collection no.

DSM 5888, ATCC 25652, IAM 12616, ICPB 4164, JCM 20687, CIP 105952, IFO 15767, LMG 127, LMG 22047, LMG 8173, NBRC 15767, NCIMB 1537

SI-ID 11529

*

Literature:

Only first 10 entries are displayed. Click here to see all.

Topic	Title	Authors	Journal	DOI	Year
Phylogeny	Pseudorhodobacter sinensis sp. nov. and Pseudorhodobacter aquaticus sp. nov., isolated from crater lakes.	Li AH, Liu HC, Hou WG, Zhou YG	Int J Syst Evol Microbiol	10.1099/ijsem.0.001061	2016	*
Phylogeny	Pseudorhodobacter collinsensis sp. nov., isolated from a till sample of an icecap front.	Zhang Y, Jiang F, Chang X, Qiu X, Ren L, Qu Z, Deng S, Da X, Kan W, Kim M, Fang C, Peng F	Int J Syst Evol Microbiol	10.1099/ijsem.0.000693	2015	*
Phylogeny	Pseudorhodobacter wandonensis sp. nov., isolated from wood falls, and emended description of the genus Pseudorhodobacter.	Lee MH, Lee SY, Jung YT, Park S, Yoon JH	Int J Syst Evol Microbiol	10.1099/ijs.0.042879-0	2012	*
Phylogeny	Pseudorhodobacter antarcticus sp. nov., isolated from Antarctic intertidal sandy sediment, and emended description of the genus Pseudorhodobacter Uchino et al. 2002 emend. Jung et al. 2012.	Chen CX, Zhang XY, Liu C, Yu Y, Liu A, Li GW, Li H, Chen XL, Chen B, Zhou BC, Zhang YZ	Int J Syst Evol Microbiol	10.1099/ijs.0.042184-0	2012	*
Phylogeny	Pseudorhodobacter aquimaris sp. nov., isolated from seawater, and emended description of the genus Pseudorhodobacter Uchino et al. 2002.	Jung YT, Oh KH, Oh TK, Yoon JH	Int J Syst Evol Microbiol	10.1099/ijs.0.029769-0	2011	*
Phylogeny	Reclassification of Agrobacterium ferrugineum LMG 128 as Hoeflea marina gen. nov., sp. nov.	Peix A, Rivas R, Trujillo ME, Vancanneyt M, Velazquez E, Willems A	Int J Syst Evol Microbiol	10.1099/ijs.0.63291-0	2005	*
Phylogeny	Proposal of Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus gen nov, comb nov, for a non-photosynthetic marine bacterium, Agrobacterium ferrugineum, related to the genus Rhodobacter.	Uchino Y, Hamada T, Yokota A	J Gen Appl Microbiol	10.2323/jgam.48.309	2002	*
Phylogeny	Reclassification of marine Agrobacterium species: Proposals of Stappia stellulata gen. nov., comb. nov., Stappia aggregata sp. nov., nom. rev., Ruegeria atlantica gen. nov., comb. nov., Ruegeria gelatinovora comb. nov., Ruegeria algicola comb. nov., and Ahrensia kieliense gen. nov., sp. nov., nom. rev.	Uchino Y, Hirata A, Yokota A, Sugiyama J	J Gen Appl Microbiol	10.2323/jgam.44.201	1998	*
Phylogeny	Evolutionary relationship of phototrophic bacteria in the alpha-Proteobacteria based on farnesyl diphosphate synthase.	Cantera JJL, Kawasaki H, Seki T	Microbiology (Reading)	10.1099/00221287-148-6-1923	2002	*
Phylogeny	Marine star-shaped-aggregate-forming bacteria: Agrobacterium atlanticum sp. nov.; Agrobacterium meteori sp. nov.; Agrobacterium ferrugineum sp. nov., nom. rev.; Agrobacterium gelatinovorum sp. nov., nom. rev.; and Agrobacterium stellulatum sp. nov., nom. rev.	Ruger HJ, Hofle MG	Int J Syst Bacteriol	10.1099/00207713-42-1-133	1992	*

References

#2346

Leibniz Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH ; Curators of the DSMZ; DSM 5888

#20215

Parte, A.C., Sardà Carbasse, J., Meier-Kolthoff, J.P., Reimer, L.C. and Göker, M.: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. IJSEM ( DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.004332 )

#20218

Verslyppe, B., De Smet, W., De Baets, B., De Vos, P., Dawyndt P.: StrainInfo introduces electronic passports for microorganisms.. Syst Appl Microbiol. 37: 42 - 50 2014 ( DOI 10.1016/j.syapm.2013.11.002 , PubMed 24321274 )

#40273 ; Curators of the CIP;

#66792

Julia Koblitz, Joaquim Sardà, Lorenz Christian Reimer, Boyke Bunk, Jörg Overmann: Automatically annotated for the DiASPora project (Digital Approaches for the Synthesis of Poorly Accessible Biodiversity Information) .

#66793

Mukherjee et al.: GEBA: 1,003 reference genomes of bacterial and archaeal isolates expand coverage of the tree of life. 35: 676 - 683 2017 ( DOI 10.1038/nbt.3886 , PubMed 28604660 )

#67770 Japan Collection of Microorganism (JCM) ; Curators of the JCM;

#68382

Automatically annotated from API zym .

#69479

João F Matias Rodrigues, Janko Tackmann,Gregor Rot, Thomas SB Schmidt, Lukas Malfertheiner, Mihai Danaila,Marija Dmitrijeva, Daniela Gaio, Nicolas Näpflin and Christian von Mering. University of Zurich.: MicrobeAtlas 1.0 beta .

#69480

Julia Koblitz, Joaquim Sardà, Lorenz Christian Reimer, Boyke Bunk, Jörg Overmann: Predictions based on genome sequence made in the Diaspora project (Digital Approaches for the Synthesis of Poorly Accessible Biodiversity Information) .

#69481

Xiao-Yin To, René Mreches, Martin Binder, Alice C. McHardy, Philipp C. Münch: Predictions based on the model GenomeNet Sporulation v. 1 . ( DOI 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2527258/v1 )

#82917

Reimer, L.C., Lissin, A.,Schober, I., Witte,J.F., Podstawka, A., Lüken, H., Bunk, B.,Overmann, J.: StrainInfo: A central database for resolving microbial strain identifiers . ( DOI 10.60712/SI-ID11529.1 )

#119335 Collection of Institut Pasteur ; Curators of the CIP; CIP 105952
* These data were automatically processed and therefore are not curated

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