Name: Clostridioides difficile CIP 109240
Creator: BacDive
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Strain identifier

BacDive ID: 137139

Type strain:

Species: Clostridioides difficile

Culture col. no.: CIP 109240, ATCC 43255, CCUG 19126, VPI 10463

Strain history: CIP <- 2008, Ph. Bouvet, Inst. Pasteur, Paris, France: strain AIP 10044, Clostridium difficile <- T. D. Wilkins

NCBI tax ID(s): 499175 (strain), 1496 (species)

SI-ID 41740

ATCC 43255, CCUG 19126, CIP 109240

Other strains from Clostridioides difficile

Section

Clostridioides difficile CIP 109240 is an anaerobe, spore-forming, mesophilic bacterium that was isolated from Human abdominal wound.

Gram-positive
spore-forming
anaerobe
mesophilic
Bacteria
genome sequence

Information on the name and the taxonomic classification. Name and taxonomic classification

	Last LPSN update	14-12-2023 (DD-MM-YYYY)
	Domain	"Bacteria"
	Phylum	*Bacillota*
	Class	*Clostridia*
	Order	*Eubacteriales*
	Family	*Peptostreptococcaceae*
	Genus	*Clostridioides*
	Species	**Clostridioides difficile**
	Full Scientific Name (LPSN)	Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Lawson et al. 2016

	Synonym	"Bacillus* difficilis"*
	Synonym	"Peptoclostridium* difficile"*
	Synonym	Clostridium difficile

Information on morphological and physiological properties Morphology

[Ref.: #37003]	Gram stain	positive
[Ref.: #69480]	Gram stain	positive Confidence in %100

[Ref.: #37003]	Cell shape	rod-shaped

[Ref.: #37003]	Motility	no

Information on culture and growth conditions Culture and growth conditions

[Ref.: #37003]

Culture medium

Columbia sang de cheval-Biorad

[Ref.: #37003]

Culture medium growth

[Ref.: #37003]

Culture medium

CIP Medium 20

[Ref.: #37003]

Culture medium growth

[Ref.: #37003]

Culture medium link

Medium recipe provided by DSMZ

[Ref.: #37003]

Culture medium

CIP Medium 655

[Ref.: #37003]

Culture medium growth

[Ref.: #37003]

Culture medium link

Medium recipe provided by DSMZ

[Ref.: #37003]

Culture medium

CIP Medium 6-Boites-Biorad

[Ref.: #37003]

Culture medium growth

[Ref.: #37003]

Culture medium link

Medium recipe provided by DSMZ

	Temperatures	Kind of temperature		Temperature
[Ref.: #37003]			growth	37 °C
[Ref.: #46967]			growth	37 °C

[Ref.: #37003]	Temperature range	mesophilic
[Ref.: #46967]	Temperature range	mesophilic

Information on physiology and metabolism Physiology and metabolism

[Ref.: #46967]	Oxygen tolerance	anaerobe
[Ref.: #37003]	Oxygen tolerance	anaerobe
[Ref.: #69480]	Oxygen tolerance	anaerobe Confidence in %99.723

[Ref.: #69481]	Ability of spore formation	yes Confidence in %100
[Ref.: #69480]	Ability of spore formation	yes Confidence in %99.164

	Metabolite	Utilization activity	Kind of utilization tested
[Ref.: #68380]	arginine ChEBI	-	hydrolysis	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	D-mannose ChEBI	-	fermentation	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	L-glutamate ChEBI	-	degradation	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #37003]	nitrate ChEBI	+	reduction
[Ref.: #68380]	nitrate ChEBI	-	reduction	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #37003]	nitrite ChEBI	+	reduction
[Ref.: #68380]	raffinose ChEBI	-	fermentation	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	tryptophan ChEBI	-	energy source	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	urea ChEBI	-	hydrolysis	* from API rID32A

	Metabolite production	Metabolite	Production
[Ref.: #37003]		indole ChEBI	no
[Ref.: #68380]		indole ChEBI	no	* from API rID32A

	Physiological tests	Metabolite	Indole test
[Ref.: #68380]		indole ChEBI	-	* from API rID32A

	Enzyme	Enzyme activity	EC number
[Ref.: #68382]	acid phosphatase	-	3.1.3.2	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68380]	alanine arylamidase	-	3.4.11.2	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	alkaline phosphatase	-	3.1.3.1	* from API rID32A, API zym
[Ref.: #68380]	alpha-arabinosidase	-	3.2.1.55	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68382]	alpha-chymotrypsin	-	3.4.21.1	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68380]	alpha-fucosidase	-	3.2.1.51	* from API rID32A, API zym
[Ref.: #68380]	alpha-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.22	* from API rID32A, API zym
[Ref.: #68380]	alpha-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.20	* from API rID32A, API zym
[Ref.: #68382]	alpha-mannosidase	-	3.2.1.24	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68380]	arginine dihydrolase	-	3.5.3.6	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	beta-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.23	* from API rID32A, API zym
[Ref.: #68380]	beta-Galactosidase 6-phosphate	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	beta-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.21	* from API rID32A, API zym
[Ref.: #68380]	beta-glucuronidase	-	3.2.1.31	* from API rID32A, API zym
[Ref.: #37003]	catalase	-	1.11.1.6
[Ref.: #68382]	cystine arylamidase	-	3.4.11.3	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68382]	esterase (C 4)	+		* from API zym
[Ref.: #68382]	esterase lipase (C 8)	-		* from API zym
[Ref.: #68380]	glutamate decarboxylase	-	4.1.1.15	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	glutamyl-glutamate arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	glycin arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	histidine arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	L-arginine arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	leucine arylamidase	-	3.4.11.1	* from API rID32A, API zym
[Ref.: #68380]	leucyl glycin arylamidase	-	3.4.11.1	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68382]	lipase (C 14)	-		* from API zym
[Ref.: #68380]	N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase	-	3.2.1.52	* from API rID32A, API zym
[Ref.: #68382]	naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase	-		* from API zym
[Ref.: #37003]	oxidase	-
[Ref.: #68380]	phenylalanine arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	proline-arylamidase	+	3.4.11.5	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	pyrrolidonyl arylamidase	-	3.4.19.3	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	serine arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68382]	trypsin	-	3.4.21.4	* from API zym
[Ref.: #68380]	tryptophan deaminase	-	4.1.99.1	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68380]	tyrosine arylamidase	-		* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #37003]	urease	-	3.5.1.5
[Ref.: #68380]	urease	-	3.5.1.5	* from API rID32A
[Ref.: #68382]	valine arylamidase	-		* from API zym
	Only first 10 entries are displayed. Click here to see all.

Fatty acid profile

Metadata FA analysis

Reference

[Ref.: #46967]

Fatty acid	Percentage	ECL
C17:1 ISO I/C16:0 DMA	23.4	16.481
C16:0	16.2	16
C16:1 ω7c	8.7	15.819
C18:1 ω9c	7.1	17.769
C14:0	4.7	14
unknown 14.966	4.3	14.966
C16:1 ω9c	4.3	15.774
C12:0	4.2	12
Unidentified	4	9.752
C16:0 ISO DMA ?	4	16.107
C19:1 ISO I	3.5	18.473
C16:0 iso	3.2	15.626
C18:1 ω7c /12t/9t	3	17.824
C12:0 ISO	2.8	11.608
C18:0	2.6	18
C10:0 ISO	2.2	9.605
C18:2 ω6,9c/C18:0 ANTE	1.9	17.724

Metadata FA analysis

Reference

[Ref.: #46967]

Fatty acid	Percentage	ECL
C17:1 ISO I/C16:0 DMA	16.7	16.481
C16:0	11.9	16
C18:0	7.1	18
C19:0 CYCLO ω9c	6.7	18.87
C18:1 ω9c	6	17.769
C19:1 ISO I	5.6	18.473
C16:1 ω7c	4.6	15.819
C16:0 aldehyde	4.5	14.949
C16:0 iso	3.4	15.626
C16:0 ISO DMA ?	3.4	16.107
C17:0 CYCLO	2.9	16.888
C18:1 ω7c /12t/9t	2.6	17.824
C16:1 ω9c	2.6	15.774
C18:2 ω6,9c/C18:0 ANTE	2.6	17.724
unknown 9.730	2.2	9.73
C14:0	2.1	14
C18:1 ISO H	2	17.46
C12:0	1.8	12
C18:0 ISO	1.8	17.632
11 methyl 18:1 ω7c	1.7	18.081
C17:0 10-methyl	1.6	17.41
C12:0 ISO	1.4	11.608
unknown 16.972	1.2	16.972
C16:1 ISO H	1.1	15.461
Unidentified	1	14.566
C10:0 ISO	0.8	9.605
Unidentified	0.8	15.401

API® rID32A:

Note that the displayed test results represent raw data and therefore may deviate!

	API ID	Urease/urea hydrolysisURE	Arginine dihydrolaseADH (Arg)	alpha-Galactosidasealpha GAL	beta-Galactosidasebeta GAL	beta-Galactosidase 6-phosphatebeta GP	alpha-Glucosidasealpha GLU	beta-Glucosidasebeta GLU	alpha-Arabinosidasealpha ARA	beta-Glucuronidasebeta GUR	beta-N-Acetyl-beta-glucosaminidasebeta NAG	Fermentation of D-mannoseMNE	Fermentation of raffinoseRAF	Glutamate decarboxylaseGDC	alpha-Fucosidasealpha FUC	Reduction of nitrateNIT	Indole productionIND	Alkaline phosphatasePAL	L-arginine arylamidaseArgA	Proline arylamidaseProA	Leucyl glycin arylamidaseLGA	Phenylalanine arylamidasePheA	Leucine arylamidaseLeuA	Pyrrolidonyl arylamidasePyrA	Tyrosine arylamidaseTyrA	Alanine arylamidaseAlaA	Glycin arylamidaseGlyA	Histidine arylamidaseHisA	Glutamyl-glutamate arylamidaseGGA	Serine arylamidaseSerA
[Ref.: #46967]	5101	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

API® zym:

Note that the displayed test results represent raw data and therefore may deviate!

	API ID	Control	2-naphthyl phosphateAlkaline phosphatase	2-naphthyl butyrateEsterase (C 4)	2-naphtyl caprylateEsterase Lipase (C 8)	2-naphthyl myristateLipase (C 14)	L-leucyl-2-naphthylamideLeucine arylamidase	L-valyl-2-naphthylamideValine arylamidase	L-cystyl-2-naphthylamideCystine arylamidase	N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamideTrypsin	N-glutaryl-phenylalanine-2-naphthylamidealpha- Chymotrypsin	2-naphthyl phosphateAcid phosphatase	Naphthol-AS-BI-phosphateNaphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase	6-Br-2-naphthyl-alphaD-galactpyranosidealpha- Galactosidase	2-naphthyl-betaD-galactpyranosidebeta- Galactosidase	Naphthol-AS-BI-betaD-glucuronidebeta- Glucuronidase	2-naphthyl-alphaD-glucopyranosidealpha- Glucosidase	6-Br-2-naphthyl-betaD-glucopyranosidebeta- Glucosidase	1-naphthyl-N-acetyl-betaD-glucosaminideN-acetyl-beta- glucosaminidase	6-Br-2-naphthyl-alphaD-mannopyranosidealpha- Mannosidase	2-naphthyl-alphaL-fucopyranosidealpha- Fucosidase
[Ref.: #37003]	11741	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Information on isolation source, the sampling and environmental conditions Isolation, sampling and environmental information

[Ref.: #46967]	Sample type/isolated from	Human abdominal wound

[Ref.: #37003]	Sample type/isolated from	Human, Abdominal wound
[Ref.: #37003]	Isolation date	1986
* marker position based on {}

Isolation sources categories

#Host Body-Site	#Other	#Abdomen
#Host Body-Site	#Other	#Wound
#Host	#Human	-

What are isolation sources categories?

Information on possible application of the strain and its possible interaction with e.g. potential hosts Safety information

[Ref.: #37003]

Biosafety level

Risk group (French classification)

Information on genomic background e.g. entries in nucleic sequence databass Sequence information

Genome sequence information:

Only first 5 entries are displayed. Click here to see all.

	Sequence accession description	Seq. accession number	Assembly level	Sequence database	Associated NCBI tax ID
[Ref.: #66792]	Clostridioides difficile ATCC 43255	GCA_000155025	chromosome	GenBank	499175 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #66792]	Clostridioides difficile VPI 10463	GCA_001995155	contig	GenBank	1496 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #66792]	Clostridioides difficile strain VPI 10463	1496.1555	wgs	PATRIC	1496 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #66792]	Clostridium difficile ATCC 43255	499175.4	wgs	PATRIC	499175 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #66792]	Clostridioides difficile ATCC 43255	2512047057	draft	JGI IMG/M	499175 tax ID	*
[Ref.: #66792]	Clostridioides difficile ATCC 43255	GCA_015238635	complete	GenBank	1496 tax ID	*

Data predicted using genome information as a basis Genome-based predictions

	Trait	Prediction	Confidence in %	In training data
	Predictions from GenomeNet Sporulation v. 1 based on: Clostridioides difficile ATCC 43255 ATCC 43255 NCBI: GCA_000155025.1
[Ref.: #69481]	spore-forming	yes	100	no

	Trait	Prediction	Confidence in %	In training data
	Predictions from Diaspora project based on: Clostridioides difficile ATCC 43255 ATCC 43255 NCBI: GCA_000155025.1
[Ref.: #69480]	motile	yes	75.886	no
[Ref.: #69480]	flagellated	no	66.957	no
[Ref.: #69480]	gram-positive	yes	91.799	no
[Ref.: #69480]	anaerobic	yes	98.824	yes
[Ref.: #69480]	aerobic	no	97.453	yes
[Ref.: #69480]	halophile	no	94.243	no
[Ref.: #69480]	spore-forming	yes	94.752	no
[Ref.: #69480]	thermophile	no	93.447	no
[Ref.: #69480]	glucose-util	yes	88.181	no
[Ref.: #69480]	glucose-ferment	yes	58.027	no

Availability in culture collections External links

[Ref.: #37003]

Culture collection no.

CIP 109240, ATCC 43255, CCUG 19126, VPI 10463

[Ref.: #94102]

SI-ID 41740

Literature:

Only first 10 entries are displayed. Click here to see all.

	Title	Authors	Journal	DOI	Year
Pathogenicity	A new phenothiazine derivate is active against Clostridioides difficile and shows low cytotoxicity.	Ronco T, Aragao FM, Saaby L, Christensen JB, Permin A, Williams AR, Thamsborg SM, Olsen RH	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0258207	2021	*
Pathogenicity	Murine Intrarectal Instillation of Purified Recombinant Clostridioides difficile Toxins Enables Mechanistic Studies of Pathogenesis.	Markham NO, Bloch SC, Shupe JA, Laubacher EN, Thomas AK, Kroh HK, Childress KO, Peritore-Galve FC, Washington MK, Coffey RJ, Lacy DB	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.00543-20	2021	*
Metabolism	Detection and elimination of a novel non-toxigenic Clostridioides difficile strain from the microbiota of a mouse colony.	Maslanka JR, Gu CH, Zarin I, Denny JE, Broadaway S, Fett B, Mattei LM, Walk ST, Abt MC	Gut Microbes	10.1080/19490976.2020.1851999	2020	*
Pathogenicity	Infection With Clostridioides difficile Attenuated Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice and Involved Mesenteric Treg and Th2 Polarization.	Schmidt CJ, Wenndorf K, Ebbers M, Volzke J, Muller M, Strubing J, Kriebel K, Kneitz S, Kreikemeyer B, Muller-Hilke B	Front Immunol	10.3389/fimmu.2020.571049	2020	*
Proteome	Impact of subinhibitory concentrations of metronidazole on proteome of Clostridioides difficile strains with different levels of susceptibility.	Doan TH, Yen-Nicolay S, Bernet-Camard MF, Martin-Verstraete I, Pechine S	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0241903	2020	*
Pathogenicity	Chemical Space Exploration around Thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one Scaffold Led to a Novel Class of Highly Active Clostridium difficile Inhibitors.	Shao X, AbdelKhalek A, Abutaleb NS, Velagapudi UK, Yoganathan S, Seleem MN, Talele TT	J Med Chem	10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01198	2019	*
Pathogenicity	Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) Neutralizers of TcdB from Clostridium difficile Ribotype 027.	Peng Z, Simeon R, Mitchell SB, Zhang J, Feng H, Chen Z	mSphere	10.1128/mSphere.00596-19	2019	*
Pathogenicity	Toxin B Variants from Clostridium difficile Strains VPI 10463 and NAP1/027 Share Similar Substrate Profile and Cellular Intoxication Kinetics but Use Different Host Cell Entry Factors.	Lopez-Urena D, Orozco-Aguilar J, Chaves-Madrigal Y, Ramirez-Mata A, Villalobos-Jimenez A, Ost S, Quesada-Gomez C, Rodriguez C, Papatheodorou P, Chaves-Olarte E	Toxins (Basel)	10.3390/toxins11060348	2019	*
Phylogeny	Modified Mouse Model of Clostridioides difficile Infection as a Platform for Probiotic Efficacy Studies.	De Wolfe TJ, Kates AE, Barko L, Darien BJ, Safdar N	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/AAC.00111-19	2019	*
Pathogenicity	A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection.	Negm OH, Hamed M, Monaghan TM	J Vis Exp	10.3791/57399	2018	*
Pathogenicity	Clostridium difficile Toxoid Vaccine Candidate Confers Broad Protection against a Range of Prevalent Circulating Strains in a Nonclinical Setting.	Quemeneur L, Petiot N, Arnaud-Barbe N, Hessler C, Pietrobon PJ, Londono-Hayes P	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.00742-17	2018	*
Pathogenicity	A combination of the probiotic and prebiotic product can prevent the germination of Clostridium difficile spores and infection.	Ratsep M, Koljalg S, Sepp E, Smidt I, Truusalu K, Songisepp E, Stsepetova J, Naaber P, Mikelsaar RH, Mikelsaar M	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.03.019	2017	*
Pathogenicity	Clostridium difficile-derived membrane vesicles induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and cytotoxicity in colonic epithelial cells in vitro.	Nicholas A, Jeon H, Selasi GN, Na SH, Kwon HI, Kim YJ, Choi CW, Kim SI, Lee JC	Microb Pathog	10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.006	2017	*
Pathogenicity	Toxin-positive Clostridium difficile latently infect mouse colonies and protect against highly pathogenic C. difficile.	Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B, Adekunle O, Mattei LM, Bushman FD, Gewirtz AT	Gut	10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313510	2017	*
Pathogenicity	Development of a Novel Vaccine Containing Binary Toxin for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile Disease with Enhanced Efficacy against NAP1 Strains.	Secore S, Wang S, Doughtry J, Xie J, Miezeiewski M, Rustandi RR, Horton M, Xoconostle R, Wang B, Lancaster C, Kristopeit A, Wang SC, Christanti S, Vitelli S, Gentile MP, Goerke A, Skinner J, Strable E, Thiriot DS, Bodmer JL, Heinrichs JH	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0170640	2017	*
Metabolism	Probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 prevents outbreak-associated Clostridium difficile-associated cecal inflammation in hamsters.	Koon HW, Su B, Xu C, Mussatto CC, Tran DH, Lee EC, Ortiz C, Wang J, Lee JE, Ho S, Chen X, Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C	Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol	10.1152/ajpgi.00150.2016	2016	*
Pathogenicity	Effect of oligosaccharides on the adhesion of gut bacteria to human HT-29 cells.	Altamimi M, Abdelhay O, Rastall RA	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.03.010	2016	*
Pathogenicity	Vancomycin Treatment Alters Humoral Immunity and Intestinal Microbiota in an Aged Mouse Model of Clostridium difficile Infection.	van Opstal E, Kolling GL, Moore JH 2nd, Coquery CM, Wade NS, Loo WM, Bolick DT, Shin JH, Erickson LD, Warren CA	J Infect Dis	10.1093/infdis/jiw071	2016	*
Pathogenicity	Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection using SQ641, a capuramycin analogue, increases post-treatment survival and improves clinical measures of disease in a murine model.	Moore JH 2nd, van Opstal E, Kolling GL, Shin JH, Bogatcheva E, Nikonenko B, Einck L, Phipps AJ, Guerrant RL, Protopopova M, Warren CA	J Antimicrob Chemother	10.1093/jac/dkv479	2016	*
Pathogenicity	Memory B Cells Encode Neutralizing Antibody Specific for Toxin B from the Clostridium difficile Strains VPI 10463 and NAP1/BI/027 but with Superior Neutralization of VPI 10463 Toxin B.	Devera TS, Lang GA, Lanis JM, Rampuria P, Gilmore CL, James JA, Ballard JD, Lang ML	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.00011-15	2015	*
Pathogenicity	Interleukin-23 (IL-23), independent of IL-17 and IL-22, drives neutrophil recruitment and innate inflammation during Clostridium difficile colitis in mice.	McDermott AJ, Falkowski NR, McDonald RA, Pandit CR, Young VB, Huffnagle GB	Immunology	10.1111/imm.12545	2015	*
Pathogenicity	Defined Nutrient Diets Alter Susceptibility to Clostridium difficile Associated Disease in a Murine Model.	Moore JH, Pinheiro CC, Zaenker EI, Bolick DT, Kolling GL, van Opstal E, Noronha FJ, De Medeiros PH, Rodriguez RS, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, Warren CA	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0131829	2015	*
Metabolism	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as prophylactic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated disease in a mouse model.	Geeraerts S, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Van Immerseel F	J Gastroenterol Hepatol	10.1111/jgh.12957	2015	*
Metabolism	Dynamics and establishment of Clostridium difficile infection in the murine gastrointestinal tract.	Koenigsknecht MJ, Theriot CM, Bergin IL, Schumacher CA, Schloss PD, Young VB	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.02768-14	2014	*
Metabolism	Clostridium difficile infection aggravates colitis in interleukin 10-deficient mice.	Kim MN, Koh SJ, Kim JM, Im JP, Jung HC, Kim JS	World J Gastroenterol	10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.17084	2014	*
Metabolism	The role of Gr-1(+) cells and tumour necrosis factor-alpha signalling during Clostridium difficile colitis in mice.	McDermott AJ, Higdon KE, Muraglia R, Erb-Downward JR, Falkowski NR, McDonald RA, Young VB, Huffnagle GB	Immunology	10.1111/imm.12425	2015	*
Pathogenicity	Persistence and toxin production by Clostridium difficile within human intestinal organoids result in disruption of epithelial paracellular barrier function.	Leslie JL, Huang S, Opp JS, Nagy MS, Kobayashi M, Young VB, Spence JR	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.02561-14	2014	*
Metabolism	Clostridium difficile-induced colitis in mice is independent of leukotrienes.	Trindade BC, Theriot CM, Leslie JL, Carlson PE Jr, Bergin IL, Peters-Golden M, Young VB, Aronoff DM	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.09.006	2014	*
Phylogeny	An in vitro culture model to study the dynamics of colonic microbiota in Syrian golden hamsters and their susceptibility to infection with Clostridium difficile.	Miezeiewski M, Schnaufer T, Muravsky M, Wang S, Caro-Aguilar I, Secore S, Thiriot DS, Hsu C, Rogers I, DeSantis T, Kuczynski J, Probst AJ, Chehoud C, Steger R, Warrington J, Bodmer JL, Heinrichs JH	ISME J	10.1038/ismej.2014.127	2014	*
Pathogenicity	An optimized, synthetic DNA vaccine encoding the toxin A and toxin B receptor binding domains of Clostridium difficile induces protective antibody responses in vivo.	Baliban SM, Michael A, Shammassian B, Mudakha S, Khan AS, Cocklin S, Zentner I, Latimer BP, Bouillaut L, Hunter M, Marx P, Sardesai NY, Welles SL, Jacobson JM, Weiner DB, Kutzler MA	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.01950-14	2014	*
Metabolism	Haemorrhagic toxin and lethal toxin from Clostridium sordellii strain vpi9048: molecular characterization and comparative analysis of substrate specificity of the large clostridial glucosylating toxins.	Genth H, Pauillac S, Schelle I, Bouvet P, Bouchier C, Varela-Chavez C, Just I, Popoff MR	Cell Microbiol	10.1111/cmi.12321	2014	*
Pathogenicity	Alteration of the murine gastrointestinal microbiota by tigecycline leads to increased susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection.	Bassis CM, Theriot CM, Young VB	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/AAC.02262-13	2014	*
Metabolism	Spore formation and toxin production in Clostridium difficile biofilms.	Semenyuk EG, Laning ML, Foley J, Johnston PF, Knight KL, Gerding DN, Driks A	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0087757	2014	*
Pathogenicity	In vitro selection, via serial passage, of Clostridium difficile mutants with reduced susceptibility to fidaxomicin or vancomycin.	Leeds JA, Sachdeva M, Mullin S, Barnes SW, Ruzin A	J Antimicrob Chemother	10.1093/jac/dkt302	2013	*
Phylogeny	A unique strain of community-acquired Clostridium difficile in severe complicated infection and death of a young adult.	Heslop OD, Roye-Green K, Coard K, Mulvey MR	BMC Infect Dis	10.1186/1471-2334-13-299	2013	*
Pathogenicity	Toll-like receptor 5-dependent immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant fusion protein vaccine containing the nontoxic domains of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium flagellin in a mouse model of Clostridium difficile disease.	Ghose C, Verhagen JM, Chen X, Yu J, Huang Y, Chenesseau O, Kelly CP, Ho DD	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.01074-12	2013	*
Pathogenicity	Intestinal epithelial restitution after TcdB challenge and recovery from Clostridium difficile infection in mice with alanyl-glutamine treatment.	Rodrigues RS, Oliveira RA, Li Y, Zaja-Milatovic S, Costa LB, Braga Neto MB, Kolling GL, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, Warren CA	J Infect Dis	10.1093/infdis/jit041	2013	*
Pathogenicity	Difference in F-actin depolymerization induced by toxin B from the Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463 and toxin B from the variant Clostridium difficile serotype F strain 1470.	May M, Wang T, Muller M, Genth H	Toxins (Basel)	10.3390/toxins5010106	2013	*
Metabolism	Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces recurrence and mortality from Clostridium difficile infection in mice following vancomycin treatment.	Li Y, Figler RA, Kolling G, Bracken TC, Rieger J, Stevenson RW, Linden J, Guerrant RL, Warren CA	BMC Infect Dis	10.1186/1471-2334-12-342	2012	*
Pathogenicity	Vancomycin treatment's association with delayed intestinal tissue injury, clostridial overgrowth, and recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection in mice.	Warren CA, van Opstal EJ, Riggins MS, Li Y, Moore JH, Kolling GL, Guerrant RL, Hoffman PS	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/AAC.00877-12	2012	*
Phylogeny	Suppression of Clostridium difficile in the gastrointestinal tracts of germfree mice inoculated with a murine isolate from the family Lachnospiraceae.	Reeves AE, Koenigsknecht MJ, Bergin IL, Young VB	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.00647-12	2012	*
Pathogenicity	Induction of cytokines in a macrophage cell line by proteins of Clostridium difficile.	Vohra P, Poxton IR	FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol	10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.00952.x	2012	*
Metabolism	Cefoperazone-treated mice as an experimental platform to assess differential virulence of Clostridium difficile strains.	Theriot CM, Koumpouras CC, Carlson PE, Bergin II, Aronoff DM, Young VB	Gut Microbes	10.4161/gmic.19142	2011	*
Transcriptome	Profound alterations of intestinal microbiota following a single dose of clindamycin results in sustained susceptibility to Clostridium difficile-induced colitis.	Buffie CG, Jarchum I, Equinda M, Lipuma L, Gobourne A, Viale A, Ubeda C, Xavier J, Pamer EG	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.05496-11	2011	*
Pathogenicity	The interplay between microbiome dynamics and pathogen dynamics in a murine model of Clostridium difficile Infection.	Reeves AE, Theriot CM, Bergin IL, Huffnagle GB, Schloss PD, Young VB	Gut Microbes	10.4161/gmic.2.3.16333	2011	*
Pathogenicity	Efficacy of decontaminants and disinfectants against Clostridium difficile.	Vohra P, Poxton IR	J Med Microbiol	10.1099/jmm.0.030288-0	2011	*
Pathogenicity	Activity of RBx 11760, a novel biaryl oxazolidinone, against Clostridium difficile.	Mathur T, Kumar M, Barman TK, Kumar GR, Kalia V, Singhal S, Raj VS, Upadhyay DJ, Das B, Bhatnagar PK	J Antimicrob Chemother	10.1093/jac/dkr033	2011	*
Metabolism	Killing kinetics of fidaxomicin and its major metabolite, OP-1118, against Clostridium difficile.	Babakhani F, Gomez A, Robert N, Sears P	J Med Microbiol	10.1099/jmm.0.029470-0	2011	*
Metabolism	Human hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains exhibit increased sporulation as well as robust toxin production.	Merrigan M, Venugopal A, Mallozzi M, Roxas B, Viswanathan VK, Johnson S, Gerding DN, Vedantam G	J Bacteriol	10.1128/JB.00445-10	2010	*
Phylogeny	Clostridium difficile toxinotyping.	Rupnik M	Methods Mol Biol	10.1007/978-1-60327-365-7_5	2010	*
Pathogenicity	Truncation in the tcdC region of the Clostridium difficile PathLoc of clinical isolates does not predict increased biological activity of Toxin B or Toxin A.	Murray R, Boyd D, Levett PN, Mulvey MR, Alfa MJ	BMC Infect Dis	10.1186/1471-2334-9-103	2009	*
Metabolism	Induction of toxins in Clostridium difficile is associated with dramatic changes of its metabolism.	Karlsson S, Burman LG, Akerlund T	Microbiology (Reading)	10.1099/mic.0.2008/019778-0	2008	*
Genetics	Comparative analysis of BI/NAP1/027 hypervirulent strains reveals novel toxin B-encoding gene (tcdB) sequences.	Stabler RA, Dawson LF, Phua LTH, Wren BW	J Med Microbiol	10.1099/jmm.0.47743-0	2008	*
Metabolism	Heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: importance of Clostridium difficile toxinotypes.	Rupnik M	FEMS Microbiol Rev	10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00110.x	2008	*
Pathogenicity	Comparative efficacies of rifaximin and vancomycin for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and prevention of disease recurrence in hamsters.	Kokkotou E, Moss AC, Michos A, Espinoza D, Cloud JW, Mustafa N, O'Brien M, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/AAC.01143-07	2008	*
Metabolism	Difference in the cytotoxic effects of toxin B from Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463 and toxin B from variant Clostridium difficile strain 1470.	Huelsenbeck J, Dreger S, Gerhard R, Barth H, Just I, Genth H	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.01705-06	2006	*
Phylogeny	Co-infection of hamsters with toxin A or toxin B-deficient Clostridium difficile strains.	Szczesny A, Martirosian G, Cohen S, Silva J Jr	Pol J Microbiol		2005	*
Enzymology	LuxS/autoinducer-2 quorum sensing molecule regulates transcriptional virulence gene expression in Clostridium difficile.	Lee AS, Song KP	Biochem Biophys Res Commun	10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.131	2005	*
Enzymology	Simplified purification method for Clostridium difficile toxin A.	Fu SW, Xue J, Zhang YL, Zhou DY	World J Gastroenterol	10.3748/wjg.v10.i18.2756	2004	*
Pathogenicity	Immunological detection and cytotoxic properties of toxins from toxin A-positive, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile variants.	Blake JE, Mitsikosta F, Metcalfe MA	J Med Microbiol	10.1099/jmm.0.05404-0	2004	*
Metabolism	Expression of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B and their sigma factor TcdD is controlled by temperature.	Karlsson S, Dupuy B, Mukherjee K, Norin E, Burman LG, Akerlund T	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.71.4.1784-1793.2003	2003	*
Metabolism	Proteins released during high toxin production in Clostridium difficile.	Mukherjee K, Karlsson S, Burman LG, Akerlund T	Microbiology (Reading)	10.1099/00221287-148-7-2245	2002	*
Pathogenicity	How to detect Clostridium difficile variant strains in a routine laboratory.	Rupnik M	Clin Microbiol Infect	10.1046/j.1198-743x.2001.00290.x	2001	*
Metabolism	Toxins, butyric acid, and other short-chain fatty acids are coordinately expressed and down-regulated by cysteine in Clostridium difficile.	Karlsson S, Lindberg A, Norin E, Burman LG, Akerlund T	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.68.10.5881-5888.2000	2000	*
Pathogenicity	Toxin gene analysis of a variant strain of Clostridium difficile that causes human clinical disease.	Sambol SP, Merrigan MM, Lyerly D, Gerding DN, Johnson S	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.68.10.5480-5487.2000	2000	*
Pathogenicity	Genetic characterization of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile isolates by PCR.	Moncrief JS, Zheng L, Neville LM, Lyerly DM	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/JCM.38.8.3072-3075.2000	2000	*
Pathogenicity	A nonsense mutation abrogates production of a functional enterotoxin A in Clostridium difficile toxinotype VIII strains of serogroups F and X.	von Eichel-Streiber C, Zec-Pirnat I, Grabnar M, Rupnik M	FEMS Microbiol Lett	10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13773.x	1999	*
Metabolism	Suppression of toxin production in Clostridium difficile VPI 10463 by amino acids.	Karlsson S, Burman LG, Akerlund T	Microbiology (Reading)	10.1099/13500872-145-7-1683	1999	*
Metabolism	Detection and transcription of toxin DNA in a nontoxigenic strain of Clostridium difficile.	Mathis JN, Pilkinton L, McMillin DE	Curr Microbiol	10.1007/pl00006811	1999	*
Pathogenicity	Laboratory diagnosis of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction: presence of toxin genes and their stable expression in toxigenic isolates from Japanese individuals.	Karasawa T, Nojiri T, Hayashi Y, Maegawa T, Yamakawa K, Wang XM, Nakamura S	J Gastroenterol	10.1007/s005350050214	1999	*
Pathogenicity	Effect of isoleucine on toxin production by Clostridium difficile in a defined medium.	Ikeda D, Karasawa T, Yamakawa K, Tanaka R, Namiki M, Nakamura S	Zentralbl Bakteriol	10.1016/s0934-8840(98)80174-6	1998	*
Pathogenicity	Transcription analysis of the genes tcdA-E of the pathogenicity locus of Clostridium difficile.	Hundsberger T, Braun V, Weidmann M, Leukel P, Sauerborn M, von Eichel-Streiber C	Eur J Biochem	10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-1-00735.x	1997	*
Enzymology	Transcriptional analysis of the toxigenic element of Clostridium difficile.	Hammond GA, Lyerly DM, Johnson JL	Microb Pathog	10.1006/mpat.1996.0100	1997	*
Pathogenicity	Positive regulation of Clostridium difficile toxins.	Moncrief JS, Barroso LA, Wilkins TD	Infect Immun	10.1128/IAI.65.3.1105-1108.1997	1997	*
Pathogenicity	Definition of the single integration site of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile.	Braun V, Hundsberger T, Leukel P, Sauerborn M, von Eichel-Streiber C	Gene	10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00398-8	1996	*
Pathogenicity	Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on fever and neutrophilia induced by Clostridium difficile toxin B.	Cardoso RA, Filho AA, Melo MC, Lyerly DM, Wilkins TD, Lima AA, Ribeiro RA, Souza GE	Mediators Inflamm	10.1155/S0962935196000245	1996	*
Enzymology	The toxigenic element of Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463.	Hammond GA, Johnson JL	Microb Pathog	10.1016/s0882-4010(95)90263-5	1995	*
Pathogenicity	Closing in on the toxic domain through analysis of a variant Clostridium difficile cytotoxin B.	von Eichel-Streiber C, Meyer zu Heringdorf D, Habermann E, Sartingen S	Mol Microbiol	10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_17020313.x	1995	*
Metabolism	Enhanced fermentation of mannitol and release of cytotoxin by Clostridium difficile in alkaline culture media.	Kazamias MT, Sperry JF	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/aem.61.6.2425-2427.1995	1995	*
Stress	[Study of the thermoresistance of Clostridium difficile spores].	Meisel-Mikolajczyk F, Kaliszuk-Kaminska E, Martirosian G	Med Dosw Mikrobiol		1995	*
Pathogenicity	Toxin production by Clostridium difficile in a defined medium with limited amino acids.	Yamakawa K, Kamiya S, Meng XQ, Karasawa T, Nakamura S	J Med Microbiol	10.1099/00222615-41-5-319	1994	*
Pathogenicity	Haemagglutination activity of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile.	Meng XQ, Yamakawa K, Ogura H, Nakamura S	FEMS Microbiol Lett	10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06816.x	1994	*
Pathogenicity	Serogroup F strains of Clostridium difficile produce toxin B but not toxin A.	Depitre C, Delmee M, Avesani V, L'Haridon R, Roels A, Popoff M, Corthier G	J Med Microbiol	10.1099/00222615-38-6-434	1993	*
Metabolism	Comparative sequence analysis of the Clostridium difficile toxins A and B.	von Eichel-Streiber C, Laufenberg-Feldmann R, Sartingen S, Schulze J, Sauerborn M	Mol Gen Genet	10.1007/BF00587587	1992	*
Enzymology	Proteolytic activity of Clostridium difficile.	Seddon SV, Borriello SP	J Med Microbiol	10.1099/00222615-36-5-307	1992	*
Pathogenicity	Cytokine response by human monocytes to Clostridium difficile toxin A and toxin B.	Flegel WA, Muller F, Daubener W, Fischer HG, Hadding U, Northoff H	Infect Immun	10.1128/iai.59.10.3659-3666.1991	1991	*
Pathogenicity	Molecular characterization of the Clostridium difficile toxin A gene.	Dove CH, Wang SZ, Price SB, Phelps CJ, Lyerly DM, Wilkins TD, Johnson JL	Infect Immun	10.1128/iai.58.2.480-488.1990	1990	*
Pathogenicity	Evolution of the caecal epithelial barrier during Clostridium difficile infection in the mouse.	Heyman M, Corthier G, Lucas F, Meslin JC, Desjeux JF	Gut	10.1136/gut.30.8.1087	1989	*
Enzymology	Cloning and characterization of overlapping DNA fragments of the toxin A gene of clostridium difficile.	von Eichel-Streiber C, Suckau D, Wachter M, Hadding U	J Gen Microbiol	10.1099/00221287-135-1-55	1989	*
Pathogenicity	Clostridium difficile toxins A and B inhibit human immune response in vitro.	Daubener W, Leiser E, von Eichel-Streiber C, Hadding U	Infect Immun	10.1128/iai.56.5.1107-1112.1988	1988	*
Enzymology	Purification of two high molecular weight toxins of Clostridium difficile which are antigenically related.	von Eichel-Streiber C, Harperath U, Bosse D, Hadding U	Microb Pathog	10.1016/0882-4010(87)90073-8	1987	*
Pathogenicity	Differential cytotoxic effects of toxins A and B isolated from Clostridium difficile.	Rothman SW, Brown JE, Diecidue A, Foret DA	Infect Immun	10.1128/iai.46.2.324-331.1984	1984	*
Metabolism	Receptor Binding Domains of TcdB from Clostridioides difficile for Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan-4 and Frizzled Proteins Are Functionally Independent and Additive.	Henkel D, Tatge H, Schottelndreier D, Tao L, Dong M, Gerhard R	Toxins (Basel)	10.3390/toxins12120736	2020	*
Pathogenicity	Effect of antibiotic to induce Clostridioides difficile-susceptibility and infectious strain in a mouse model of Clostridioides difficile infection and recurrence.	Castro-Cordova P, Diaz-Yanez F, Munoz-Miralles J, Gil F, Paredes-Sabja D	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102149	2020	*
Pathogenicity	Phenotypic characterisation of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 251, an emerging multi-locus sequence type clade 2 strain in Australia.	Hong S, Knight DR, Chang B, Carman RJ, Riley TV	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.06.019	2019	*
Pathogenicity	Prevention of Clostridium difficile spore formation by sub-inhibitory concentrations of tigecycline and piperacillin/tazobactam.	Garneau JR, Valiquette L, Fortier LC	BMC Infect Dis	10.1186/1471-2334-14-29	2014	*
Pathogenicity	Fidaxomicin inhibits toxin production in Clostridium difficile.	Babakhani F, Bouillaut L, Sears P, Sims C, Gomez A, Sonenshein AL	J Antimicrob Chemother	10.1093/jac/dks450	2012	*
Metabolism	Role of Pannexin-1-P2X7R signaling on cell death and pro-inflammatory mediator expression induced by Clostridioides difficile toxins in enteric glia.	Loureiro AV, Moura-Neto LI, Martins CS, Silva PIM, Lopes MBS, Leitao RFC, Coelho-Aguiar JM, Moura-Neto V, Warren CA, Costa DVS, Brito GAC	Front Immunol	10.3389/fimmu.2022.956340	2022	*
	Akkermansia muciniphila Ameliorates Clostridioides difficile Infection in Mice by Modulating the Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolites.	Wu Z, Xu Q, Gu S, Chen Y, Lv L, Zheng B, Wang Q, Wang K, Wang S, Xia J, Yang L, Bian X, Jiang X, Zheng L, Li L	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2022.841920	2022	*
	Impact of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Metronidazole on Morphology, Motility, Biofilm Formation and Colonization of Clostridioides difficile.	Doan TH, Bernet-Camard MF, Hoys S, Janoir C, Pechine S	Antibiotics (Basel)	10.3390/antibiotics11050624	2022	*
	Immunogenicity and Protection from Receptor-Binding Domains of Toxins as Potential Vaccine Candidates for Clostridium difficile.	Luo D, Liu X, Xing L, Sun Y, Huang J, Zhang L, Li J, Wang H	Vaccines (Basel)	10.3390/vaccines7040180	2019	*
	Lactobacillus gasseri APC 678 Reduces Shedding of the Pathogen Clostridium difficile in a Murine Model.	Quigley L, Coakley M, Alemayehu D, Rea MC, Casey PG, O'Sullivan O, Murphy E, Kiely B, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2019.00273	2019	*
	Bacteroides fragilis Prevents Clostridium difficile Infection in a Mouse Model by Restoring Gut Barrier and Microbiome Regulation.	Deng H, Yang S, Zhang Y, Qian K, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wang Y, Bai Y, Fan H, Zhao X, Zhi F	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2018.02976	2018	*
	Protective Effect of Pediococcus pentosaceus LI05 Against Clostridium difficile Infection in a Mouse Model.	Xu Q, Gu S, Chen Y, Quan J, Lv L, Chen D, Zheng B, Xu L, Li L	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2018.02396	2018	*
	Protection against Clostridium difficile infection in a hamster model by oral vaccination using flagellin FliC-loaded pectin beads.	Bruxelle JF, Tsapis N, Hoys S, Collignon A, Janoir C, Fattal E, Pechine S	Vaccine	10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.013	2018	*
	Establishment of an Endogenous Clostridium difficile Rat Infection Model and Evaluation of the Effects of Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 Probiotic Strain.	Oka K, Osaki T, Hanawa T, Kurata S, Sugiyama E, Takahashi M, Tanaka M, Taguchi H, Kamiya S	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2018.01264	2018	*
	High prevalence of subclass-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins in adult cystic fibrosis sera: possible mode of immunoprotection against symptomatic C. difficile infection.	Monaghan TM, Negm OH, MacKenzie B, Hamed MR, Shone CC, Humphreys DP, Acharya KR, Wilcox MH	Clin Exp Gastroenterol	10.2147/CEG.S133939	2017	*
	Traditional Chinese Medicine QPYF as Preventive Treatment for Clostridium difficile Associated Diarrhea in a Mouse Model.	Ya-Nan G, Jun W, Hao-Jun Z, Hong-Bing J, Ping L, Xin-Zhu L	Evid Based Complement Alternat Med	10.1155/2016/3759819	2016	*
	The efficacy of thuricin CD, tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin and nitazoxanide, independently and in paired combinations against Clostridium difficile biofilms and planktonic cells.	Mathur H, Rea MC, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP	Gut Pathog	10.1186/s13099-016-0102-8	2016	*
	Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in mice with vancomycin alone is as effective as treatment with vancomycin and metronidazole in combination.	Erikstrup LT, Aarup M, Hagemann-Madsen R, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Kristensen B, Olsen KE, Fuursted K	BMJ Open Gastroenterol	10.1136/bmjgast-2015-000038	2015	*
	Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 limits the recurrence of Clostridium difficile-Induced colitis following vancomycin withdrawal in mice.	Fitzpatrick LR, Small JS, Greene WH, Karpa KD, Farmer S, Keller D	Gut Pathog	10.1186/1757-4749-4-13	2012	*
	Bacillus Coagulans GBI-30 (BC30) improves indices of Clostridium difficile-Induced colitis in mice.	Fitzpatrick LR, Small JS, Greene WH, Karpa KD, Keller D	Gut Pathog	10.1186/1757-4749-3-16	2011	*
	Binary toxin producing Clostridium difficile strains.	Rupnik M, Grabnar M, Geric B	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2003.09.002	2003	*
	The Conserved Cys-2232 in Clostridioides difficile Toxin B Modulates Receptor Binding.	Chung SY, Schottelndreier D, Tatge H, Fuhner V, Hust M, Beer LA, Gerhard R	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2018.02314	2018	*
	The impact of dietary fibers on Clostridioides difficile infection in a mouse model.	Wu Z, Xu Q, Wang Q, Chen Y, Lv L, Zheng B, Yan R, Jiang H, Shen J, Wang S, Wang K, Xia J, Han S, Li L	Front Cell Infect Microbiol	10.3389/fcimb.2022.1028267	2022	*
	Efficacy of Omadacycline or Vancomycin Combined with Germinants for Preventing Clostridioides difficile Relapse in a Murine Model.	Budi ND, Godfrey JJ, Safdar N, Shukla SK, Rose WE	J Infect Dis	10.1093/infdis/jiac324	2022	*

References

#20215

Parte, A.C., Sardà Carbasse, J., Meier-Kolthoff, J.P., Reimer, L.C. and Göker, M.: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. IJSEM ( DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.004332 )

#37003 Collection of Institut Pasteur ; Curators of the CIP; CIP 109240
#46967 Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG) ; Curators of the CCUG; CCUG 19126

#66792

Julia Koblitz, Joaquim Sardà, Lorenz Christian Reimer, Boyke Bunk, Jörg Overmann: Automatically annotated for the DiASPora project (Digital Approaches for the Synthesis of Poorly Accessible Biodiversity Information) .

#68380

Automatically annotated from API rID32A .

#68382

Automatically annotated from API zym .

#69480

Julia Koblitz, Joaquim Sardà, Lorenz Christian Reimer, Boyke Bunk, Jörg Overmann: Predictions based on genome sequence made in the Diaspora project (Digital Approaches for the Synthesis of Poorly Accessible Biodiversity Information) .

#69481

Xiao-Yin To, René Mreches, Martin Binder, Alice C. McHardy, Philipp C. Münch: Predictions based on the model GenomeNet Sporulation v. 1 . ( DOI 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2527258/v1 )

#94102

Reimer, L.C., Lissin, A.,Schober, I., Witte,J.F., Podstawka, A., Lüken, H., Bunk, B.,Overmann, J.: StrainInfo: A central database for resolving microbial strain identifiers . ( DOI 10.60712/SI-ID41740.1 )

* These data were automatically processed and therefore are not curated

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