Clostridioides difficile CIP 109240 is an anaerobe, mesophilic, Gram-positive prokaryote that was isolated from Human abdominal wound.
Gram-positive rod-shaped anaerobe mesophilic genome sequence 16S sequence| @ref 20215 |
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Last LPSN update
2026-02-09 11:32:49 |
| Domain Bacteria |
| Phylum Bacillota |
| Class Clostridia |
| Order Peptostreptococcales |
| Family Peptostreptococcaceae |
| Genus Clostridioides |
| Species Clostridioides difficile |
| Full scientific name Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Lawson et al. 2016 |
| Synonyms (3) |
| @ref | Chebi-ID | Metabolite | Utilization activity | Kind of utilization tested | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 68380 | 29016 ChEBI | arginine | - | hydrolysis | from API rID32A |
| 68380 | 16024 ChEBI | D-mannose | - | fermentation | from API rID32A |
| 68380 | 29985 ChEBI | L-glutamate | - | degradation | from API rID32A |
| 68380 | 17632 ChEBI | nitrate | - | reduction | from API rID32A |
| 37003 | 17632 ChEBI | nitrate | + | reduction | |
| 37003 | 16301 ChEBI | nitrite | + | reduction | |
| 68380 | 16634 ChEBI | raffinose | - | fermentation | from API rID32A |
| 68380 | 27897 ChEBI | tryptophan | - | energy source | from API rID32A |
| 68380 | 16199 ChEBI | urea | - | hydrolysis | from API rID32A |
| @ref | Chebi-ID | Metabolite | Indole test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 68380 | 35581 ChEBI | indole | - | from API rID32A |
| @ref | Value | Activity | Ec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 68382 | acid phosphatase | - | 3.1.3.2 | from API zym |
| 68380 | alanine arylamidase | - | 3.4.11.2 | from API rID32A |
| 68380 | alkaline phosphatase | - | 3.1.3.1 | from API rID32A |
| 68382 | alkaline phosphatase | - | 3.1.3.1 | from API zym |
| 68380 | alpha-arabinosidase | - | 3.2.1.55 | from API rID32A |
| 68382 | alpha-chymotrypsin | - | 3.4.21.1 | from API zym |
| 68382 | alpha-fucosidase | - | 3.2.1.51 | from API zym |
| 68380 | alpha-fucosidase | - | 3.2.1.51 | from API rID32A |
| 68382 | alpha-galactosidase | - | 3.2.1.22 | from API zym |
| 68380 | alpha-galactosidase | - | 3.2.1.22 | from API rID32A |
| 68380 | alpha-glucosidase | - | 3.2.1.20 | from API rID32A |
| 68382 | alpha-glucosidase | - | 3.2.1.20 | from API zym |
| 68382 | alpha-mannosidase | - | 3.2.1.24 | from API zym |
| 68380 | arginine dihydrolase | - | 3.5.3.6 | from API rID32A |
| 68382 | beta-galactosidase | - | 3.2.1.23 | from API zym |
| 68380 | beta-galactosidase | - | 3.2.1.23 | from API rID32A |
| 68380 | beta-Galactosidase 6-phosphate | - | from API rID32A | |
| 68382 | beta-glucosidase | - | 3.2.1.21 | from API zym |
| 68380 | beta-glucosidase | - | 3.2.1.21 | from API rID32A |
| 68382 | beta-glucuronidase | - | 3.2.1.31 | from API zym |
| 68380 | beta-glucuronidase | - | 3.2.1.31 | from API rID32A |
| 37003 | catalase | - | 1.11.1.6 | |
| 68382 | cystine arylamidase | - | 3.4.11.3 | from API zym |
| 68382 | esterase (C 4) | + | from API zym | |
| 68382 | esterase lipase (C 8) | - | from API zym | |
| 68380 | glutamate decarboxylase | - | 4.1.1.15 | from API rID32A |
| 68380 | glutamyl-glutamate arylamidase | - | from API rID32A | |
| 68380 | glycin arylamidase | - | from API rID32A | |
| 68380 | histidine arylamidase | - | from API rID32A | |
| 68380 | L-arginine arylamidase | - | from API rID32A | |
| 68382 | leucine arylamidase | - | 3.4.11.1 | from API zym |
| 68380 | leucine arylamidase | - | 3.4.11.1 | from API rID32A |
| 68380 | leucyl glycin arylamidase | - | 3.4.11.1 | from API rID32A |
| 68382 | lipase (C 14) | - | from API zym | |
| 68382 | N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase | - | 3.2.1.52 | from API zym |
| 68380 | N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase | - | 3.2.1.52 | from API rID32A |
| 68382 | naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase | - | from API zym | |
| 37003 | oxidase | - | ||
| 68380 | phenylalanine arylamidase | - | from API rID32A | |
| 68380 | proline-arylamidase | + | 3.4.11.5 | from API rID32A |
| 68380 | pyrrolidonyl arylamidase | - | 3.4.19.3 | from API rID32A |
| 68380 | serine arylamidase | - | from API rID32A | |
| 68382 | trypsin | - | 3.4.21.4 | from API zym |
| 68380 | tryptophan deaminase | - | 4.1.99.1 | from API rID32A |
| 68380 | tyrosine arylamidase | - | from API rID32A | |
| 37003 | urease | - | 3.5.1.5 | |
| 68380 | urease | - | 3.5.1.5 | from API rID32A |
| 68382 | valine arylamidase | - | from API zym |
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| @ref | Description | Assembly level | INSDC accession | BV-BRC accession | IMG accession | NCBI tax ID | Score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 66792 | ASM1523863v1 assembly for Clostridioides difficile ATCC 43255 | complete | GCA_015238635   | 1496.5536  | 1496 | 98.91 | | |
| 66792 | cduab assembly for Clostridioides difficile ATCC 43255 | chromosome | GCA_000155025 | 499175.4 | 2512047057  | 499175 | 77.74 | |
| 66792 | ASM199515v1 assembly for Clostridioides difficile VPI 10463 | contig | GCA_001995155 | 1496.1555 | 2965470899 | 1496 | 47.29 | |
| @ref | Description | Accession | Length | Database | NCBI tax ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 124043 | Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence. | AF072473 | 1462 | | 1496 | |
| Topic | Title | Authors | Journal | DOI | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phylogeny | Genetic relatedness of Clostridium difficile isolates from various origins determined by triple-locus sequence analysis based on toxin regulatory genes tcdC, tcdR, and cdtR. | Bouvet PJ, Popoff MR. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.00866-08 | 2008 | |
| Pathogenicity | Proinflammatory pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile infection in a murine model using Spatial transcriptomics. | Ghahari N, Narayanan S, AbdelKhalek A, Pillai D. | Sci Rep | 10.1038/s41598-025-19106-3 | 2025 | |
| Genetics | Genomic insights into tigecycline non-susceptibility in Clostridioides difficile: the role of the Tet P determinant and efflux mechanisms. | Dang Z, Xia P, Huang J, Yang B, Liao J, Han Q, Xia Y. | BMC Microbiol | 10.1186/s12866-025-04143-9 | 2025 | |
| Genetics | Epidemiology and genetic characteristics of Clostridioides difficile isolates in Northwest China. | Li Y, An S, Sun H, Hu M, Xu Y, Xi Y. | PeerJ | 10.7717/peerj.19877 | 2025 | |
| Genetics | Bifidobacteria antagonize the life cycle of Clostridioides difficile. | Soldavini Pelichotti PC, Martinefski MR, Boscolo O, Tripodi VP, Lucangioli SE, Trejo FM, Perez PF. | Microb Pathog | 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.107250 | 2025 | |
| Development of a toxin-selective immunotracer for in vivo detection of Clostridioides difficile infection by immunoPET. | Gonzalez-Arjona M, Cusso L, Alcala L, Gonzalez MI, de Francisco A, Fernandez-Acenero MJ, Sehlin D, Syvanen S, Bouza E, Munoz P, Desco M, Salinas B. | EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem | 10.1186/s41181-025-00350-x | 2025 | | |
| Reactions of SleC, Its Structure and Inhibition in Mitigation of Spore Germination in Clostridioides difficile. | Kim C, Molina R, Lee M, Garay-Alvarez A, Yang J, Qian Y, Birhanu BT, Hesek D, Hermoso JA, Chang M, Mobashery S. | J Am Chem Soc | 10.1021/jacs.4c14976 | 2025 | | |
| Evaluation of three commercial rapid immunoassays for the diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile infection. | Vigfusson HB, Ennefors T, Noren T, Sundqvist M. | Microbiol Spectr | 10.1128/spectrum.03405-24 | 2025 | | |
| Protective Effects of Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Liquid on Clostridioides difficile Infection on C57BL/6 Mice. | Chen M, Zhai L, Schonning K, Alpizar-Alpizar W, Larum O, Andersen LP, Holck S, Friis-Moller A. | Microorganisms | 10.3390/microorganisms12081602 | 2024 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Role of TLR4 in Enteric Glia Response to Clostridioides Difficile Toxins: Insights From In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. | Barbosa MLL, Costa DVDS, de Pacifico DM, Reboucas CDSM, Warren CA, de Leitao RFC, Brito GAC. | J Cell Mol Med | 10.1111/jcmm.70943 | 2025 | |
| Screening novel antiviral compounds to treat Clostridioides difficile infections. | Stolz BJ, Abouelkhair AA, Seleem MN. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0309624 | 2024 | | |
| Identification of a 1,2,4-Oxadiazole with Potent and Specific Activity against Clostridioides difficile, the Causative Bacterium of C. difficile Infection, an Urgent Public Health Threat. | Barbachyn MR. | J Med Chem | 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01778 | 2023 | | |
| A Potent and Narrow-Spectrum Antibacterial against Clostridioides difficile Infection. | Qian Y, Birhanu BT, Yang J, Ding D, Janardhanan J, Mobashery S, Chang M. | J Med Chem | 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01249 | 2023 | | |
| Therapeutic activation of IL-22-producing innate lymphoid cells enhances host defenses to Clostridioides difficile infection. | Mears KS, Denny JE, Maslanka JR, Mdluli NV, Hulit EN, Matsuda R, Furth EE, Buffie CG, Abt MC. | Cell Rep | 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115438 | 2025 | | |
| Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GMNL-661 Ameliorates Clostridioides difficile Infection and Reconfigures Intestinal Microbiota in a Murine Model. | Li MJ, Chen HM, Chen YL, Lai YH, Lai CY, Ruan JW, Chen JW, Tsai WH, Ko WC, Tsai PJ. | Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins | 10.1007/s12602-025-10556-9 | 2025 | | |
| Pathogenicity | In Vitro Evaluation of the Probiotic Properties and Whole Genome Sequencing of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus J3205 Isolated from Home-Made Fermented Sauce. | Chen Y, Ma L, Chen W, Chen Y, Cheng Z, Zhu Y, Li M, Zhang Y, Guo X, Liu C. | Microorganisms | 10.3390/microorganisms13071643 | 2025 | |
| Synthetic niclosamide-loaded controlled-release nanospheres with high solubility and stability exerting multiple effects against Clostridioides difficile | Tai Y, Zhang M, Han Y, Hu H, Lin S, Zhai F, Tian M, Song X, Wan S, Chen Y, Jin D. | Front Microbiol | 2025 | | ||
| Pathogenicity | Inhibitory effects of Levilactobacillus brevis IBRC-M10790 on apoptosis and inflammation induced by Clostridioides difficile culture supernatant in vitro. | Azimirad M, Noori M, Emami Meibodi A, Alipour S, Salehi T, Zali MR, Yadegar A. | Sci Rep | 10.1038/s41598-025-04975-5 | 2025 | |
| Pathogenicity | Comparison between Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Mice after Clostridioides difficile Infection Reveals Novel Inflammatory Pathways and Contributing Microbiota. | AbdelKhalek A, Narayanan SK. | Microorganisms | 10.3390/microorganisms10122380 | 2022 | |
| Exploring novel microbial metabolites and drugs for inhibiting Clostridioides difficile. | Abouelkhair AA, Seleem MN. | mSphere | 10.1128/msphere.00273-24 | 2024 | | |
| Clostridioides difficile infection promotes gastrointestinal dysfunction in human and mice post-acute phase of the disease. | Costa DVS, Pham N, Loureiro AV, Yang SE, Behm BW, Warren CA. | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102837 | 2024 | | |
| Genetics | Molecular characteristics, clonal transmission, and risk factors of Clostridioides difficile among hospitalized patients in a tertiary hospital in Ningbo, China. | Hu L, Lin S, Zhang M, Cai M, Shen Y, Zeng P, Song X, Bian Q, Gu J, Luo Y, Chen Y, Jin D. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1507128 | 2024 | |
| An organometallic hybrid antibiotic of metronidazole with a Gold(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene overcomes metronidazole resistance in Clostridioides difficile. | Bussing R, Bublitz A, Karge B, Bronstrup M, Strowig T, Ott I. | J Biol Inorg Chem | 10.1007/s00775-024-02064-y | 2024 | | |
| A dual-action antibiotic that kills Clostridioides difficile vegetative cells and inhibits spore germination. | Janardhanan J, Kim C, Qian Y, Yang J, Meisel JE, Ding D, Speri E, Schroeder VA, Wolter WR, Oliver AG, Mobashery S, Chang M. | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | 10.1073/pnas.2304110120 | 2023 | | |
| Enzymology | CDBN-YGXZ, a Novel Small-Molecule Drug, Shows Efficacy against Clostridioides difficile Infection and Recurrence in Mouse and Hamster Infection Models. | Hu X, Dong R, Huang S, Zeng Y, Zhan W, Gao X, Tian D, Peng J, Xu J, Wang T, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang X, Liu J, Guang B, Yang T. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.01704-22 | 2023 | |
| Pathogenicity | In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Clostridioides difficile Effect of a Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain. | Islam MI, Seo H, Redwan A, Kim S, Lee S, Siddiquee M, Song HY. | J Microbiol Biotechnol | 10.4014/jmb.2107.07057 | 2022 | |
| Synergistic and off-target effects of bacteriocins in a simplified human intestinal microbiome: implications for Clostridioides difficile infection control. | Rios Colombo NS, Paul Ross R, Hill C. | Gut Microbes | 10.1080/19490976.2025.2451081 | 2025 | | |
| Antimicrobial Resistance of Clostridioides difficile in Children from a Tertiary Pediatric Hospital in Shanghai, China. | Li X, Wang Y, Cao R, Xiao F, Wang X, Ye L, Xiao Y, Li D, Zhang T. | Infect Drug Resist | 10.2147/idr.s441312 | 2024 | | |
| Environmental and Nutritional Parameters Modulating Genetic Expression for Virulence Factors of Clostridioides difficile. | Masset Z, Gunaratnam S, Millette M, McFarland LV, Lacroix M. | Antibiotics (Basel) | 10.3390/antibiotics13040365 | 2024 | | |
| Phylogeny | Efficacy Assessment of the Co-Administration of Vancomycin and Metronidazole in Clostridioides difficile-Infected Mice Based on Changes in Intestinal Ecology. | Zhong S, Yang J, Huang H. | J Microbiol Biotechnol | 10.4014/jmb.2312.12034 | 2024 | |
| Pathogenicity | Diversity of binary toxin positive Clostridioides difficile in Korea. | Kim J, Kim B, Pai H. | Sci Rep | 10.1038/s41598-023-27768-0 | 2023 | |
| Bifidobacterium breve synergizes with Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides ovatus to antagonize Clostridioides difficile. | Li Y, Rui W, Sheng X, Deng X, Li X, Meng L, Huang H, Yang J. | ISME J | 10.1093/ismejo/wraf086 | 2025 | | |
| Rapid discrimination between clinical Clostridioides difficile infection and colonization by quantitative detection of TcdB toxin using a real-time cell analysis system. | Shen Y, Lin S, You P, Chen Y, Luo Y, Song X, Chen Y, Jin D. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1348892 | 2024 | | |
| A US-based national surveillance study for the susceptibility and epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile isolates with special reference to ridinilazole: 2020-2021. | Snydman DR, McDermott LA, Thorpe CM, Goldstein EJC, Schuetz AN, Johnson S, Gerding DN, Gluck L, Bourdas D, Carroll KC, Lancaster CK, Garey KW, Wang Q, Walk ST, Duperchy E. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.00349-23 | 2023 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Citrulline Inhibits Clostridioides difficile Infection With Anti-inflammatory Effects. | Xie Y, Irwin S, Nelson B, van Daelen M, Fontenot L, Jacobs JP, Cappelletti M, Feng H, Li Y, Koon HW. | Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol | 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2025.101474 | 2025 | |
| Pathogenicity | Multimodal vaccination targeting the receptor binding domains of Clostridioides difficile toxins A and B with an attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vector (YS1646) protects mice from lethal challenge. | Winter K, Houle S, Dozois CM, Ward BJ. | Microbiol Spectr | 10.1128/spectrum.03109-22 | 2024 | |
| Pathogenicity | Discovery of a novel natural product inhibitor of Clostridioides difficile with potent activity in vitro and in vivo. | Pal R, Seleem MN. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0267859 | 2022 | |
| Pathogenicity | TRPV4 modulates inflammatory responses and apoptosis in enteric glial cells triggered by Clostridioides difficile toxins A and B. | Pacifico DM, Costa DVDS, Lima Barbosa ML, Reboucas CSM, Simonato SG, Warren CA, Morais MLGDS, Leitao RFC, Brito GAC. | J Inflamm (Lond) | 10.1186/s12950-024-00425-7 | 2025 | |
| Review of the Impact of Biofilm Formation on Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection. | Rubio-Mendoza D, Martinez-Melendez A, Maldonado-Garza HJ, Cordova-Fletes C, Garza-Gonzalez E. | Microorganisms | 10.3390/microorganisms11102525 | 2023 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Antisense inhibition of RNA polymerase alpha subunit of Clostridioides difficile. | Pal R, Seleem MN. | Microbiol Spectr | 10.1128/spectrum.01755-23 | 2023 | |
| Evaluation of the Disk Diffusion Test for Bacteroides fragilis Group Clinical Isolates. | Lee Y, Bae MH, Lee H, Kim M, Lee K. | Ann Lab Med | 10.3343/alm.2024.0159 | 2025 | | |
| A commensal protozoan attenuates Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis in mice via arginine-ornithine metabolism and host intestinal immune response. | Yang H, Wu X, Li X, Zang W, Zhou Z, Zhou Y, Cui W, Kou Y, Wang L, Hu A, Wu L, Yin Z, Chen Q, Chen Y, Huang Z, Wang Y, Gu B. | Nat Commun | 10.1038/s41467-024-47075-0 | 2024 | | |
| Discovery of a Potent Picolinamide Antibacterial Active against Clostridioides difficile. | Speri E, Janardhanan J, Masitas C, Schroeder VA, Lastochkin E, Wolter WR, Fisher JF, Mobashery S, Chang M. | ACS Infect Dis | 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00479 | 2020 | | |
| Metabolism | Butyrate enhances Clostridioides difficile sporulation in vitro. | Baldassare MA, Bhattacharjee D, Coles JD, Nelson S, McCollum CA, Seekatz AM. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.00138-23 | 2023 | |
| Structure-Activity Relationship for the Picolinamide Antibacterials that Selectively Target Clostridioides difficile. | Speri E, Qian Y, Janardhanan J, Masitas C, Lastochkin E, De Benedetti S, Wang M, Schroeder VA, Wolter WR, Oliver AG, Fisher JF, Mobashery S, Chang M. | ACS Med Chem Lett | 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00135 | 2021 | | |
| Enzymology | Freezing of Vaginal Swabs Prior to DNA Purification Does Not Statistically Significantly Affect Microbiome Composition | Ghathian K, Heintz J, Mollerup S, Paulsen S, Krogfelt K, Frimodt-Moller N, Hansen K, Halkjaer S, Holm A, Pinholt M, Petersen A. | Microbiologyopen | 2025 | | |
| Metabolism | Apple Polyphenol Extract Suppresses Clostridioides difficile Infection in a Mouse Model. | Wu Z, Xu Q, Li A, Lv L, Li L. | Metabolites | 10.3390/metabo12111042 | 2022 | |
| Pathogenicity | Repurposing the Antiamoebic Drug Diiodohydroxyquinoline for Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infections. | Abutaleb NS, Seleem MN. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.02115-19 | 2020 | |
| Transcriptome | Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Improves Intestinal Gut Microbiota Homeostasis and Ameliorates Clostridioides difficile Infection. | Wu Z, Shen J, Xu Q, Xiang Q, Chen Y, Lv L, Zheng B, Wang Q, Wang S, Li L. | Nutrients | 10.3390/nu14183756 | 2022 | |
| In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activities of a Novel Quinolone Compound, OPS-2071, against Clostridioides difficile. | Oka D, Yamaya N, Kuno T, Asakawa Y, Shiragiku T, Chen L, Xue J, Mamuti A, Ye F, Sun J, Ohguro K, Miyamoto H, Uematsu Y, Inagaki K, Cheng JF, Matsumoto M. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.01170-20 | 2021 | | |
| Genistein Inhibits Clostridioides difficile Infection via Estrogen Receptors and Lysine-Deficient Protein Kinase 1. | Xie Y, Fontenot L, Estrada AC, Nelson B, Bullock A, Faull KF, Feng H, Sun M, Koon HW. | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jiad008 | 2023 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Repurposing the Veterinary Antiprotozoal Drug Ronidazole for the Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection. | AbdelKhalek A, Seleem MN. | Int J Antimicrob Agents | 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106188 | 2020 | |
| Pathogenicity | Effect of Doxycycline in Decreasing the Severity of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Mice. | Tsai BY, Lai YH, Chiu CW, Hsu CY, Chen YH, Chen YL, Tsai PJ, Hung YP, Ko WC. | Antibiotics (Basel) | 10.3390/antibiotics11010116 | 2022 | |
| Mouse models for bacterial enteropathogen infections: insights into the role of colonization resistance. | Herzog MK, Cazzaniga M, Peters A, Shayya N, Beldi L, Hapfelmeier S, Heimesaat MM, Bereswill S, Frankel G, Gahan CGM, Hardt WD. | Gut Microbes | 10.1080/19490976.2023.2172667 | 2023 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Auranofin, at clinically achievable dose, protects mice and prevents recurrence from Clostridioides difficile infection. | Abutaleb NS, Seleem MN. | Sci Rep | 10.1038/s41598-020-64882-9 | 2020 | |
| Genetic Relatedness of 5-Year Isolates of Clostridioides difficile Polymerase Chain Reaction Ribotype 017 Strains in a Hospital. | Kim J, Seo MR, Kim B, Kim J, Bae MH, Pai H. | Antibiotics (Basel) | 10.3390/antibiotics10101229 | 2021 | | |
| Nitro-Group-Containing Thiopeptide Derivatives as Promising Agents to Target Clostridioides difficile. | Kim D, Kim YR, Hwang HJ, Ciufolini MA, Lee J, Lee H, Clovis S, Jung S, Oh SH, Son YJ, Kwak JH. | Pharmaceuticals (Basel) | 10.3390/ph15050623 | 2022 | | |
| Application of a comprehensive approach to pathogen screening in a stowaway rat on an airplane | Heuser E, Ebinger A, Holtfreter S, Wolf S, Zautner A, Ryll R, Drewes S, Matzkeit B, Hoffmann B, Hoper D, Keller M, Groseth A, Wilharm G, Mrochen D, Obiegala A, Doss F, Mehl C, Eisenberg T, Niendorf S, Bottcher S, Karger A, Schroder C, Ehrke-Schulz E, Schmidt K, Beer M, Groschup M, Semmler T, Heckel G, Pfeffer M, Wylezich C, Ulrich R. | Sci Rep | 2025 | | ||
| In Vitro and In Vivo Activities, Absorption, Tissue Distribution, and Excretion of OBP-4, a Potential Anti-Clostridioides difficile Agent. | Liu L, Zhou X, Li B, Cheng F, Cui H, Li J, Zhang J. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.00581-21 | 2021 | | |
| Battling Enteropathogenic Clostridia: Phage Therapy for Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens. | Venhorst J, van der Vossen JMBM, Agamennone V. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891790 | 2022 | | |
| Genetic Mechanisms of Vancomycin Resistance in Clostridioides difficile: A Systematic Review. | Eubank TA, Gonzales-Luna AJ, Hurdle JG, Garey KW. | Antibiotics (Basel) | 10.3390/antibiotics11020258 | 2022 | | |
| Omadacycline compared to vancomycin when combined with germinants to disrupt the life cycle of Clostridioides difficile. | Budi N, Godfrey JJ, Safdar N, Shukla SK, Rose WE. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.01431-20 | 2023 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Virulence and genomic diversity among clinical isolates of ST1 (BI/NAP1/027) Clostridioides difficile. | Dong Q, Lin H, Allen MM, Garneau JR, Sia JK, Smith RC, Haro F, McMillen T, Pope RL, Metcalfe C, Burgo V, Woodson C, Dylla N, Kohout C, Sundararajan A, Snitkin ES, Young VB, Fortier LC, Kamboj M, Pamer EG. | Cell Rep | 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112861 | 2023 | |
| Elucidating dynamic anaerobe metabolism with HRMAS 13C NMR and genome-scale modeling. | Pavao A, Girinathan B, Peltier J, Altamirano Silva P, Dupuy B, Muti IH, Malloy C, Cheng LL, Bry L. | Nat Chem Biol | 10.1038/s41589-023-01275-9 | 2023 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Adenosine receptors differentially mediate enteric glial cell death induced by Clostridioides difficile Toxins A and B. | Costa DVS, Shin JH, Goldbeck SM, Bolick DT, Mesquita FS, Loureiro AV, Rodrigues-Jesus MJ, Brito GAC, Warren CA. | Front Immunol | 10.3389/fimmu.2022.956326 | 2022 | |
| Pathogenicity | Ultrapotent Inhibitor of Clostridioides difficile Growth, Which Suppresses Recurrence In Vivo. | Naclerio GA, Abutaleb NS, Li D, Seleem MN, Sintim HO. | J Med Chem | 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01198 | 2020 | |
| Chemical Profile and Biological Properties of Methanolic and Ethanolic Extracts from the Aerial Parts of Inula britannica L. Growing in Central Asia. | Ibadullayeva AK, Kasela M, Kozhanova KK, Kadyrbayeva GM, Widelski J, Wojtanowski K, Jozefczyk A, Susniak K, Okinczyc P, Tleubayeva MI, Karaubayeva AA, Zhandabayeva MA, Mukhamedsadykova AZ, Malm A. | Molecules | 10.3390/molecules29235749 | 2024 | | |
| Genetics | Esculin hydrolysis negative and TcdA-only producing strains of Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile from the environment in Western Australia. | Shivaperumal N, Knight DR, Imwattana K, Androga GO, Chang BJ, Riley TV. | J Appl Microbiol | 10.1111/jam.15500 | 2022 | |
| Pathogenicity | Effective inhibition of Clostridioides difficile by the novel peptide CM-A. | Arthithanyaroj S, Chankhamhaengdecha S, Chaisri U, Aunpad R, Aroonnual A. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0257431 | 2021 | |
| Metabolism | Characterization of an Endolysin Targeting Clostridioides difficile That Affects Spore Outgrowth. | Mondal SI, Akter A, Draper LA, Ross RP, Hill C. | Int J Mol Sci | 10.3390/ijms22115690 | 2021 | |
| High-throughput screening identifies a novel natural product-inspired scaffold capable of inhibiting Clostridioides difficile in vitro. | Pal R, Dai M, Seleem MN. | Sci Rep | 10.1038/s41598-021-90314-3 | 2021 | | |
| Metabolism | IL-27 induces LL-37/CRAMP expression from intestinal epithelial cells: implications for immunotherapy of Clostridioides difficile infection. | Xu B, Wu X, Gong Y, Cao J. | Gut Microbes | 10.1080/19490976.2021.1968258 | 2021 | |
| Pathogenicity | The Role of Toll-Like Receptor-2 in Clostridioides difficile Infection: Evidence From a Mouse Model and Clinical Patients. | Lai YH, Tsai BY, Hsu CY, Chen YH, Chou PH, Chen YL, Liu HC, Ko WC, Tsai PJ, Hung YP. | Front Immunol | 10.3389/fimmu.2021.691039 | 2021 | |
| Exoproteomic analysis of two MLST clade 2 strains of Clostridioides difficile from Latin America reveal close similarities. | de Melo Pacifico D, Costa CL, Moura H, Barr JR, Maia GA, Filho VB, Moreira RS, Wagner G, Domingues RMCP, Quesada-Gomez C, de Oliveira Ferreira E, de Castro Brito GA. | Sci Rep | 10.1038/s41598-021-92684-0 | 2021 | | |
| Enzymology | Inhibition of the Clostridioides difficile Class D beta-Lactamase CDD-1 by Avibactam. | Stewart NK, Toth M, Stasyuk A, Lee M, Smith CA, Vakulenko SB. | ACS Infect Dis | 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00714 | 2021 | |
| Characterizing metabolic drivers of Clostridioides difficile infection with activity-based hydrazine probes. | Bustin KA, Abbas A, Wang X, Abt MC, Zackular JP, Matthews ML. | Front Pharmacol | 10.3389/fphar.2023.1074619 | 2023 | | |
| Transcriptome Analysis of the Clostridioides difficile Response to Different Doses of Bifidobacterium breve. | Yang J, Yang H. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01863 | 2020 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Clostridioides difficile Toxin B Activates Group 3 Innate Lymphocytes. | Pope RL, Chitrakar A, Sah P, Shadid T, Ballard JD, Zenewicz LA. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00073-22 | 2022 | |
| Development of a rapid-viability PCR method for detection of Clostridioides difficile spores from environmental samples. | Shams AM, Rose LJ, Noble-Wang JA. | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102077 | 2020 | | |
| Therapeutic Effects of Bifidobacterium breve YH68 in Combination with Vancomycin and Metronidazole in a Primary Clostridioides difficile-Infected Mouse Model. | Yang J, Meng L, Yang H. | Microbiol Spectr | 10.1128/spectrum.00672-22 | 2022 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Intestinal Inflammation and Altered Gut Microbiota Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Render Mice Susceptible to Clostridioides difficile Colonization and Infection. | Abernathy-Close L, Barron MR, George JM, Dieterle MG, Vendrov KC, Bergin IL, Young VB. | mBio | 10.1128/mbio.02733-20 | 2021 | |
| Screening canine sources for novel antimicrobials reveals the circular broad-spectrum bacteriocin, caledonicin, produced by Staphylococcus caledonicus. | O'Connor M, O'Connor PM, Hourigan D, Murray E, de Farias FM, Field D, Hill C, Ross RP. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1470988 | 2024 | | |
| A novel probiotic therapeutic in a murine model of Clostridioides difficile colitis. | Shelby RD, Janzow GE, Mashburn-Warren L, Galley J, Tengberg N, Navarro J, Conces M, Bailey MT, Goodman SD, Besner GE. | Gut Microbes | 10.1080/19490976.2020.1814119 | 2020 | | |
| High-Level Resistance of Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Genotype to Macrolide-Lincosamide- Streptogramin B in Community Acquired Patients in Eastern China. | Zhao L, Zhao L, Luo Y, Bian Q, Wang L, Ye J, Song X, Jiang J, Tang YW, Wang X, Jin D, Jin D. | Infect Drug Resist | 10.2147/idr.s238916 | 2020 | | |
| Metabolism | Loss of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Signaling Promotes IL-22-Dependent Host Defenses against Acute Clostridioides difficile Infection. | Cribas ES, Denny JE, Maslanka JR, Abt MC. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00730-20 | 2021 | |
| Pathogenicity | Fecal host biomarkers predicting severity of Clostridioides difficile infection. | Golizeh M, Winter K, Roussel L, Landekic M, Langelier M, Loo VG, Ndao M, Vinh DC. | JCI Insight | 10.1172/jci.insight.142976 | 2021 | |
| Metabolism | Strain-Dependent RstA Regulation of Clostridioides difficile Toxin Production and Sporulation. | Edwards AN, Krall EG, McBride SM. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.00586-19 | 2020 | |
| The Critical Role of Environmental Synergies in the Creation of Bionanohybrid Microbes. | Barnes RJ, Voegtlin SP, Hubert CRJ, Larter SR, Bryant SL. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.02321-21 | 2022 | | |
| Phylogeny | Intrinsic Class D beta-Lactamases of Clostridium difficile. | Toth M, Stewart NK, Smith C, Vakulenko SB. | mBio | 10.1128/mbio.01803-18 | 2018 | |
| Pathogenicity | Searching for a Bacteriophage Lysin to Treat Corynebacterium bovis in Immunocompromised Mice. | Cheleuitte-Nieves C, Heselpoth RD, Westblade LF, Lipman NS, Fischetti VA. | Comp Med | 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000096 | 2020 | |
| Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel PEG-Rakicidin B1 Hybrid as Clostridium difficile (CD) Targeted Anti-Bacterial Agent. | Xie L, Chen L, Wei Y, Chen N, Wu T, Zhou J, Jiang H, Lin F. | Molecules | 10.3390/molecules28166152 | 2023 | | |
| Enzymology | Systematic Evaluation of Parameters Important for Production of Native Toxin A and Toxin B from Clostridioides difficile. | Aminzadeh A, Jorgensen R. | Toxins (Basel) | 10.3390/toxins13040240 | 2021 | |
| A Novel, Orally Delivered Antibody Therapy and Its Potential to Prevent Clostridioides difficile Infection in Pre-clinical Models. | Roberts AK, Harris HC, Smith M, Giles J, Polak O, Buckley AM, Clark E, Ewin D, Moura IB, Spitall W, Shone CC, Wilcox M, Chilton C, Donev R. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2020.578903 | 2020 | | |
| Metabolism | Regulation and Anaerobic Function of the Clostridioides difficile beta-Lactamase. | Sandhu BK, Edwards AN, Anderson SE, Woods EC, McBride SM. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.01496-19 | 2019 | |
| Pathogenicity | Vitamin D3 and carbamazepine protect against Clostridioides difficile infection in mice by restoring macrophage lysosome acidification. | Chan H, Li Q, Wang X, Liu WY, Hu W, Zeng J, Xie C, Kwong TNY, Ho IHT, Liu X, Chen H, Yu J, Ko H, Chan RCY, Ip M, Gin T, Cheng ASL, Zhang L, Chan MTV, Wong SH, Wu WKK. | Autophagy | 10.1080/15548627.2021.2016004 | 2022 | |
| Metabolism | In vivo commensal control of Clostridioides difficile virulence. | Girinathan BP, DiBenedetto N, Worley JN, Peltier J, Arrieta-Ortiz ML, Immanuel SRC, Lavin R, Delaney ML, Cummins CK, Hoffman M, Luo Y, Gonzalez-Escalona N, Allard M, Onderdonk AB, Gerber GK, Sonenshein AL, Baliga NS, Dupuy B, Bry L. | Cell Host Microbe | 10.1016/j.chom.2021.09.007 | 2021 | |
| Pathogenicity | S100B Inhibition Attenuates Intestinal Damage and Diarrhea Severity During Clostridioides difficile Infection by Modulating Inflammatory Response. | Costa DVS, Moura-Neto V, Bolick DT, Guerrant RL, Fawad JA, Shin JH, Medeiros PHQS, Ledwaba SE, Kolling GL, Martins CS, Venkataraman V, Warren CA, Brito GAC. | Front Cell Infect Microbiol | 10.3389/fcimb.2021.739874 | 2021 | |
| Pathogenicity | Cwl0971, a novel peptidoglycan hydrolase, plays pleiotropic roles in Clostridioides difficile R20291. | Zhu D, Patabendige HMLW, Tomlinson BR, Wang S, Hussain S, Flores D, He Y, Shaw LN, Sun X. | Environ Microbiol | 10.1111/1462-2920.15529 | 2021 | |
| Structural Evidence for DUF512 as a Radical S-Adenosylmethionine Cobalamin-Binding Domain. | Wang B, Solinski AE, Radle MI, Peduzzi OM, Knox HL, Cui J, Maurya RK, Yennawar NH, Booker SJ. | ACS Bio Med Chem Au | 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.4c00067 | 2024 | | |
| Metabolism | Aging Dampens the Intestinal Innate Immune Response during Severe Clostridioides difficile Infection and Is Associated with Altered Cytokine Levels and Granulocyte Mobilization. | Abernathy-Close L, Dieterle MG, Vendrov KC, Bergin IL, Rao K, Young VB. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00960-19 | 2020 | |
| A Novel Bacteriophage Lysin-Human Defensin Fusion Protein Is Effective in Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Mice. | Peng Z, Wang S, Gide M, Zhu D, Lamabadu Warnakulasuriya Patabendige HM, Li C, Cai J, Sun X. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03234 | 2018 | | |
| Impact of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria on Immune Activation and Clostridioides difficile Infection in the Mouse Intestine. | Keith JW, Dong Q, Sorbara MT, Becattini S, Sia JK, Gjonbalaj M, Seok R, Leiner IM, Littmann ER, Pamer EG. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00362-19 | 2020 | | |
| Pathogenicity | In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of DS-2969b, a Novel GyrB Inhibitor, against Clostridium difficile. | Mathur T, Barman TK, Kumar M, Singh D, Kumar R, Khera MK, Yamada M, Inoue SI, Upadhyay DJ, Masuda N. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.02157-17 | 2018 | |
| Amidinoquinoxaline N-oxides: synthesis and activity against anaerobic bacteria. | Gruber N, Fernandez-Canigia L, Kilimciler NB, Stipa P, Bisceglia JA, Garcia MB, Gonzalez Maglio DH, Paz ML, Orelli LR. | RSC Adv | 10.1039/d3ra01184d | 2023 | | |
| Antibacterial Activity of Bifidobacterium breve Against Clostridioides difficile. | Yang J, Yang H. | Front Cell Infect Microbiol | 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00288 | 2019 | | |
| Thiol- and Disulfide-Containing Vancomycin Derivatives Against Bacterial Resistance and Biofilm Formation. | Shchelik IS, Gademann K. | ACS Med Chem Lett | 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00455 | 2021 | | |
| Pathogenicity | New Host-Directed Therapeutics for the Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection. | Andersson JA, Peniche AG, Galindo CL, Boonma P, Sha J, Luna RA, Savidge TC, Chopra AK, Dann SM. | mBio | 10.1128/mbio.00053-20 | 2020 | |
| Protection from Lethal Clostridioides difficile Infection via Intraspecies Competition for Cogerminant. | Leslie JL, Jenior ML, Vendrov KC, Standke AK, Barron MR, O'Brien TJ, Unverdorben L, Thaprawat P, Bergin IL, Schloss PD, Young VB. | mBio | 10.1128/mbio.00522-21 | 2021 | | |
| Metabolism | Antibiotic Degradation by Commensal Microbes Shields Pathogens. | Gjonbalaj M, Keith JW, Do MH, Hohl TM, Pamer EG, Becattini S. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00012-20 | 2020 | |
| Clinical Differences in Patients Infected with Fusobacterium and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Fusobacterium Isolates Recovered at a Tertiary-Care Hospital in Korea. | Kim M, Yun SY, Lee Y, Lee H, Yong D, Lee K. | Ann Lab Med | 10.3343/alm.2022.42.2.188 | 2022 | | |
| Protocol for using negative pressure isolator systems to study BSL-2 organisms in gnotobiotic murine models. | Pavao A, Graham M, Trofimuk O, Delaney ML, Yeliseyev V, Bry L. | STAR Protoc | 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101211 | 2022 | | |
| Host immunity modulates the efficacy of microbiota transplantation for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection. | Littmann ER, Lee JJ, Denny JE, Alam Z, Maslanka JR, Zarin I, Matsuda R, Carter RA, Susac B, Saffern MS, Fett B, Mattei LM, Bittinger K, Abt MC. | Nat Commun | 10.1038/s41467-020-20793-x | 2021 | | |
| Metabolism | The xenobiotic sensing pregnane X receptor regulates tissue damage and inflammation triggered by C difficile toxins. | Erickson SL, Alston L, Nieves K, Chang TKH, Mani S, Flannigan KL, Hirota SA. | FASEB J | 10.1096/fj.201902083rr | 2020 | |
| Metabolism | Cwp22, a novel peptidoglycan cross-linking enzyme, plays pleiotropic roles in Clostridioides difficile. | Zhu D, Zhu D, Bullock J, He Y, Sun X. | Environ Microbiol | 10.1111/1462-2920.14706 | 2019 | |
| Protection of gut microbiome from antibiotics: development of a vancomycin-specific adsorbent with high adsorption capacity. | Yuzuriha K, Yakabe K, Nagai H, Li S, Zendo T, Zai K, Kishimura A, Hase K, Kim YG, Mori T, Katayama Y. | Biosci Microbiota Food Health | 10.12938/bmfh.2020-002 | 2020 | | |
| New functions of pirin proteins and a 2-ketoglutarate: Ferredoxin oxidoreductase ortholog in Bacteroides fragilis metabolism and their impact on antimicrobial susceptibility to metronidazole and amixicile. | Gough AM, Parker AC, O'Bryan PJ, Whitehead TR, Roy S, Garcia BL, Hoffman PS, Jeffrey Smith C, Rocha ER. | Microbiologyopen | 10.1002/mbo3.1429 | 2024 | | |
| In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci Responsible for Human Invasive Infections. | Guerin F, Dejoies L, Degand N, Guet-Revillet H, Janvier F, Corvec S, Barraud O, Guillard T, Walewski V, Gallois E, Cattoir V, On Behalf Of The Gmc Study Group. | Microorganisms | 10.3390/microorganisms9081665 | 2021 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Using a Novel Lysin To Help Control Clostridium difficile Infections. | Wang Q, Euler CW, Delaune A, Fischetti VA. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.01357-15 | 2015 | |
| Pathogenicity | In vitro and in vivo activities of the novel Ketolide RBx 14255 against Clostridium difficile. | Kumar M, Mathur T, Barman TK, Ramkumar G, Bhati A, Shukla G, Kalia V, Pandya M, Raj VS, Upadhyay DJ, Vaishnavi C, Chakrabarti A, Das B, Bhatnagar PK. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.00015-12 | 2012 | |
| Enzymology | Preclinical development of Ramizol, an antibiotic belonging to a new class, for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. | Rao S, Prestidge CA, Miesel L, Sweeney D, Shinabarger DL, Boulos RA. | J Antibiot (Tokyo) | 10.1038/ja.2016.45 | 2016 | |
| A DNA vaccine targeting TcdA and TcdB induces protective immunity against Clostridium difficile. | Zhang BZ, Cai J, Yu B, Hua Y, Lau CC, Kao RY, Sze KH, Yuen KY, Huang JD. | BMC Infect Dis | 10.1186/s12879-016-1924-1 | 2016 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Postantibiotic effect of fidaxomicin and its major metabolite, OP-1118, against Clostridium difficile. | Babakhani F, Gomez A, Robert N, Sears P. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.00104-11 | 2011 | |
| Safety and immunogenicity of Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine in Japanese adults. | Matsuoka O, Patel DM, Sasaki S, Oka H, Sasaki T, Pietrobon PJ, Laot T, Bouckenooghe A, Menezes J, de Bruyn G. | Hum Vaccin Immunother | 10.1080/21645515.2017.1395538 | 2018 | | |
| Metabolism | Interleukin-22-mediated host glycosylation prevents Clostridioides difficile infection by modulating the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota. | Nagao-Kitamoto H, Leslie JL, Kitamoto S, Jin C, Thomsson KA, Gillilland MG, Kuffa P, Goto Y, Jenq RR, Ishii C, Hirayama A, Seekatz AM, Martens EC, Eaton KA, Kao JY, Fukuda S, Higgins PDR, Karlsson NG, Young VB, Kamada N. | Nat Med | 10.1038/s41591-020-0764-0 | 2020 | |
| Pathogenicity | Comparative microbiological studies of transcription inhibitors fidaxomicin and the rifamycins in Clostridium difficile. | Babakhani F, Seddon J, Sears P. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.02572-13 | 2014 | |
| Pathogenicity | Different molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Clostridium difficile in the Asia-Pacific region. | Luo Y, Cheong E, Bian Q, Collins DA, Ye J, Shin JH, Yam WC, Takata T, Song X, Wang X, Kamboj M, Gottlieb T, Jiang J, Riley TV, Tang YW, Jin D, Jin D. | Emerg Microbes Infect | 10.1080/22221751.2019.1682472 | 2019 | |
| Pathogenicity | Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolates from two Korean hospitals. | Nicholas A, Kim YK, Lee WK, Selasi GN, Na SH, Kwon HI, Kim YJ, Lee HS, Song KE, Shin JH, Lee JC. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0174716 | 2017 | |
| Pathogenicity | Administration of probiotic kefir to mice with Clostridium difficile infection exacerbates disease. | Spinler JK, Brown A, Ross CL, Boonma P, Conner ME, Savidge TC. | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.05.008 | 2016 | |
| Exploration of the Structural Space in 4(3H)-Quinazolinone Antibacterials. | Qian Y, Allegretta G, Janardhanan J, Peng Z, Mahasenan KV, Lastochkin E, Gozun MMN, Tejera S, Schroeder VA, Wolter WR, Feltzer R, Mobashery S, Chang M. | J Med Chem | 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00153 | 2020 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Fidaxomicin inhibits spore production in Clostridium difficile. | Babakhani F, Bouillaut L, Gomez A, Sears P, Nguyen L, Sonenshein AL. | Clin Infect Dis | 10.1093/cid/cis453 | 2012 | |
| Antibacterials Developed to Target a Single Organism: Mechanisms and Frequencies of Reduced Susceptibility to the Novel Anti-Clostridium difficile Compounds Fidaxomicin and LFF571. | Leeds JA. | Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med | 10.1101/cshperspect.a025445 | 2016 | | |
| Pathogenicity | A novel agent effective against Clostridium difficile infection. | Dvoskin S, Xu WC, Brown NC, Yanachkov IB, Yanachkova M, Wright GE. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.06097-11 | 2012 | |
| Enzymology | Preliminary studies on isolates of Clostridium difficile from dogs and exotic pets. | Andres-Lasheras S, Martin-Burriel I, Mainar-Jaime RC, Morales M, Kuijper E, Blanco JL, Chirino-Trejo M, Bolea R. | BMC Vet Res | 10.1186/s12917-018-1402-7 | 2018 | |
| Novel structural insights for a pair of monoclonal antibodies recognizing non-overlapping epitopes of the glucosyltransferase domain of Clostridium difficile toxin B. | Liu J, Kothe M, Zhang J, Oloo E, Stegalkina S, Mundle ST, Li L, Zhang J, Cole LE, Barone L, Biemann HP, Kleanthous H, Anosova NG, Anderson SF. | Curr Res Struct Biol | 10.1016/j.crstbi.2022.03.003 | 2022 | | |
| Metabolism | Bile salt inhibition of host cell damage by Clostridium difficile toxins. | Darkoh C, Brown EL, Kaplan HB, DuPont HL. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0079631 | 2013 | |
| Enzymology | Colonization of Toxigenic Clostridium difficile Among Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Multi-Centre Cross-Sectional Study. | Mi H, Bao R, Xiao Y, Cui Y, Sun W, Shen Y, Shi Q, Chen X, Lin J, Hu B, Gao X. | Front Cell Infect Microbiol | 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00012 | 2020 | |
| Enzymology | Evaluation of the cobas Cdiff Test for Detection of Toxigenic Clostridium difficile in Stool Samples. | Peterson LR, Young SA, Davis TE, Wang ZX, Duncan J, Noutsios C, Liesenfeld O, Osiecki JC, Lewinski MA. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.01135-17 | 2017 | |
| Pathogenicity | Effects of inoculum, pH, and cations on the in vitro activity of fidaxomicin (OPT-80, PAR-101) against Clostridium difficile. | Babakhani F, Seddon J, Robert N, Shue YK, Sears P. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.01842-09 | 2010 | |
| Curcumin: A natural derivative with antibacterial activity against Clostridium difficile. | Mody D, Athamneh AIM, Seleem MN. | J Glob Antimicrob Resist | 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.10.005 | 2020 | | |
| Phylogeny | Antimicrobial susceptibility and ribotypes of Clostridium difficile isolates from a Phase 2 clinical trial of ridinilazole (SMT19969) and vancomycin. | Snydman DR, McDermott LA, Thorpe CM, Chang J, Wick J, Walk ST, Vickers RJ. | J Antimicrob Chemother | 10.1093/jac/dky135 | 2018 | |
| The novel immunobiotic Clostridium butyricum S-45-5 displays broad-spectrum antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo by inducing immune modulation. | Chathuranga K, Shin Y, Uddin MB, Paek J, Chathuranga WAG, Seong Y, Bai L, Kim H, Shin JH, Chang YH, Lee JS. | Front Immunol | 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242183 | 2023 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Novel riboswitch-binding flavin analog that protects mice against Clostridium difficile infection without inhibiting cecal flora. | Blount KF, Megyola C, Plummer M, Osterman D, O'Connell T, Aristoff P, Quinn C, Chrusciel RA, Poel TJ, Schostarez HJ, Stewart CA, Walker DP, Wuts PG, Breaker RR. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.01282-15 | 2015 | |
| Pathogenicity | Discovery of Lipophilic Bisphosphonates That Target Bacterial Cell Wall and Quinone Biosynthesis. | Malwal SR, Chen L, Hicks H, Qu F, Liu W, Shillo A, Law WX, Zhang J, Chandnani N, Han X, Zheng Y, Chen CC, Guo RT, AbdelKhalek A, Seleem MN, Oldfield E. | J Med Chem | 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01878 | 2019 | |
| Enzymology | Multicenter clinical evaluation of the portrait toxigenic C. difficile assay for detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile strains in clinical stool specimens. | Buchan BW, Mackey TL, Daly JA, Alger G, Denys GA, Peterson LR, Kehl SC, Ledeboer NA. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.02083-12 | 2012 | |
| Pathogenicity | Fructooligosaccharides and mannose affect Clostridium difficile adhesion and biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner. | Piotrowski M, Wultanska D, Obuch-Woszczatynski P, Pituch H. | Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | 10.1007/s10096-019-03635-7 | 2019 | |
| Genetics | Molecular Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile Infection in Hospitalized Patients in Eastern China. | Jin D, Jin D, Luo Y, Huang C, Cai J, Ye J, Zheng Y, Wang L, Zhao P, Liu A, Fang W, Wang X, Xia S, Jiang J, Tang YW. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.01898-16 | 2017 | |
| Enzymology | Isolating and Purifying Clostridium difficile Spores. | Edwards AN, McBride SM. | Methods Mol Biol | 10.1007/978-1-4939-6361-4_9 | 2016 | |
| Enzymology | Clostridium difficile in faeces from healthy dogs and dogs with diarrhea. | Wetterwik KJ, Trowald-Wigh G, Fernstrom LL, Krovacek K. | Acta Vet Scand | 10.1186/1751-0147-55-23 | 2013 | |
| Pathogenicity | Efficacy of LFF571 in a hamster model of Clostridium difficile infection. | Trzasko A, Leeds JA, Praestgaard J, Lamarche MJ, McKenney D. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.06355-11 | 2012 | |
| Enzymology | Novel one-step method for detection and isolation of active-toxin-producing Clostridium difficile strains directly from stool samples. | Darkoh C, Dupont HL, Kaplan HB. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.01033-11 | 2011 | |
| Pathogenicity | Metronidazole-triazole conjugates: activity against Clostridium difficile and parasites. | Jarrad AM, Karoli T, Debnath A, Tay CY, Huang JX, Kaeslin G, Elliott AG, Miyamoto Y, Ramu S, Kavanagh AM, Zuegg J, Eckmann L, Blaskovich MA, Cooper MA. | Eur J Med Chem | 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.019 | 2015 | |
| Pathogenicity | Identification of Highly Specific Diversity-Oriented Synthesis-Derived Inhibitors of Clostridium difficile. | Duvall JR, Bedard L, Naylor-Olsen AM, Manson AL, Bittker JA, Sun W, Fitzgerald ME, He Z, Lee MD, Marie JC, Muncipinto G, Rush D, Xu D, Xu H, Zhang M, Earl AM, Palmer MA, Foley MA, Vacca JP, Scherer CA. | ACS Infect Dis | 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00206 | 2017 | |
| Enzymology | Evaluation of Clostridium difficile fecal load and limit of detection during a prospective comparison of two molecular tests, the illumigene C. difficile and Xpert C. difficile/Epi tests. | Gyorke CE, Wang S, Leslie JL, Cohen SH, Solnick JV, Polage CR. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.02120-12 | 2013 | |
| Metabolism | Development of TaqMan-based quantitative PCR for sensitive and selective detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in human stools. | Kubota H, Sakai T, Gawad A, Makino H, Akiyama T, Ishikawa E, Oishi K. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0111684 | 2014 | |
| Pathogenicity | Subinhibitory concentrations of LFF571 reduce toxin production by Clostridium difficile. | Sachdeva M, Leeds JA. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.04436-14 | 2015 | |
| Enzymology | Phase 1 Study To Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Multiple Oral Doses of DS-2969b, a Novel GyrB Inhibitor, in Healthy Subjects. | Vandell AG, Inoue S, Dennie J, Nagasawa Y, Gajee R, Pav J, Zhang G, Zamora C, Masuda N, Senaldi G. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.02537-17 | 2018 | |
| Vaccination against Clostridium difficile by Use of an Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Vector (YS1646) Protects Mice from Lethal Challenge. | Winter K, Xing L, Kassardjian A, Ward BJ. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00089-19 | 2019 | | |
| Physical map of the Clostridium difficile chromosome. | Norwood DA, Sands JA. | Gene | 10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00443-5 | 1997 | | |
| Pathogenicity | A high-throughput small-molecule screen to identify a novel chemical inhibitor of Clostridium difficile. | Katzianer DS, Yano T, Rubin H, Zhu J. | Int J Antimicrob Agents | 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.03.007 | 2014 | |
| Exosporial membrane plasticity of Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium difficile. | Panessa-Warren BJ, Tortora GT, Warren JB. | Tissue Cell | 10.1016/s0040-8166(97)80031-6 | 1997 | | |
| Transcriptome | Genetic organisation, mobility and predicted functions of genes on integrated, mobile genetic elements in sequenced strains of Clostridium difficile. | Brouwer MS, Warburton PJ, Roberts AP, Mullany P, Allan E. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0023014 | 2011 | |
| Role of interleukin 23 signaling in Clostridium difficile colitis. | Buonomo EL, Madan R, Pramoonjago P, Li L, Okusa MD, Petri WA. | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jit277 | 2013 | | |
| Enzymology | Role of fecal Clostridium difficile load in discrepancies between toxin tests and PCR: is quantitation the next step in C. difficile testing? | Leslie JL, Cohen SH, Solnick JV, Polage CR. | Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | 10.1007/s10096-012-1695-6 | 2012 | |
| Pathogenicity | In vitro and in vivo antibacterial evaluation of cadazolid, a new antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections. | Locher HH, Seiler P, Chen X, Schroeder S, Pfaff P, Enderlin M, Klenk A, Fournier E, Hubschwerlen C, Ritz D, Kelly CP, Keck W. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.01830-13 | 2014 | |
| Pathogenicity | Berberine blocks the relapse of Clostridium difficile infection in C57BL/6 mice after standard vancomycin treatment. | Lv Z, Peng G, Liu W, Xu H, Su J. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.04794-14 | 2015 | |
| Pathogenicity | Mechanism of action of and mechanism of reduced susceptibility to the novel anti-Clostridium difficile compound LFF571. | Leeds JA, Sachdeva M, Mullin S, Dzink-Fox J, Lamarche MJ. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.06354-11 | 2012 | |
| Metabolism | Harnessing the glucosyltransferase activities of Clostridium difficile for functional studies of toxins A and B. | Darkoh C, Kaplan HB, Dupont HL. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.00037-11 | 2011 | |
| Analysis of risk factors and clinical manifestations associated with Clostridium difficile disease in Serbian hospitalized patients. | Predrag S. | Braz J Microbiol | 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.07.011 | 2016 | | |
| Phylogeny | Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 isolates from Eastern and Western Canada. | MacCannell DR, Louie TJ, Gregson DB, Laverdiere M, Labbe AC, Laing F, Henwick S. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.02563-05 | 2006 | |
| Metabolism | Production of Clostridium difficile toxin in a medium totally free of both animal and dairy proteins or digests. | Fang A, Gerson DF, Demain AL. | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | 10.1073/pnas.0906425106 | 2009 | |
| Phylogeny | Fourteen-genome comparison identifies DNA markers for severe-disease-associated strains of Clostridium difficile. | Forgetta V, Oughton MT, Marquis P, Brukner I, Blanchette R, Haub K, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gerding DN, Loo VG, Miller MA, Mulvey MR, Rupnik M, Dascal A, Dewar K. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.00391-11 | 2011 | |
| Metabolism | Posttranslational Regulation of Botulinum Neurotoxin Production in Clostridium botulinum Hall A-hyper. | Inzalaco HN, Tepp WH, Fredrick C, Bradshaw M, Johnson EA, Pellett S. | mSphere | 10.1128/msphere.00328-21 | 2021 | |
| Lack of association between clinical outcome of Clostridium difficile infections, strain type, and virulence-associated phenotypes. | Sirard S, Valiquette L, Fortier LC. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.05053-11 | 2011 | | |
| Metabolism | Clostridium difficile toxins induce VEGF-A and vascular permeability to promote disease pathogenesis. | Huang J, Kelly CP, Bakirtzi K, Villafuerte Galvez JA, Lyras D, Mileto SJ, Larcombe S, Xu H, Yang X, Shields KS, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Goldsmith JD, Patel IJ, Hansen J, Huang M, Yla-Herttuala S, Moss AC, Paredes-Sabja D, Pothoulakis C, Shah YM, Wang J, Chen X. | Nat Microbiol | 10.1038/s41564-018-0300-x | 2019 | |
| Enzymology | Evidence of in vivo prophage induction during Clostridium difficile infection. | Meessen-Pinard M, Sekulovic O, Fortier LC. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.02275-12 | 2012 | |
| Metabolism | Clostridium difficile is an autotrophic bacterial pathogen. | Kopke M, Straub M, Durre P. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0062157 | 2013 | |
| Intestinal alkaline phosphatase prevents antibiotic-induced susceptibility to enteric pathogens. | Alam SN, Yammine H, Moaven O, Ahmed R, Moss AK, Biswas B, Muhammad N, Biswas R, Raychowdhury A, Kaliannan K, Ghosh S, Ray M, Hamarneh SR, Barua S, Malo NS, Bhan AK, Malo MS, Hodin RA. | Ann Surg | 10.1097/sla.0b013e31828fae14 | 2014 | | |
| Metabolism | Application of isothermal helicase-dependent amplification with a disposable detection device in a simple sensitive stool test for toxigenic Clostridium difficile. | Chow WH, McCloskey C, Tong Y, Hu L, You Q, Kelly CP, Kong H, Tang YW, Tang W. | J Mol Diagn | 10.2353/jmoldx.2008.080008 | 2008 | |
| Real-time cellular analysis coupled with a specimen enrichment accurately detects and quantifies Clostridium difficile toxins in stool. | Huang B, Jin D, Zhang J, Sun JY, Wang X, Stiles J, Xu X, Kamboj M, Babady NE, Tang YW. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.02601-13 | 2014 | | |
| Enzymology | Comparison of a rapid molecular method, the BD GeneOhm Cdiff assay, to the most frequently used laboratory tests for detection of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile in diarrheal feces. | Terhes G, Urban E, Soki J, Nacsa E, Nagy E. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.01133-09 | 2009 | |
| Resistance to moxifloxacin in toxigenic Clostridium difficile isolates is associated with mutations in gyrA. | Ackermann G, Tang YJ, Kueper R, Heisig P, Rodloff AC, Silva J, Cohen SH. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.45.8.2348-2353.2001 | 2001 | | |
| Pathogenicity | The insect peptide coprisin prevents Clostridium difficile-mediated acute inflammation and mucosal damage through selective antimicrobial activity. | Kang JK, Hwang JS, Nam HJ, Ahn KJ, Seok H, Kim SK, Yun EY, Pothoulakis C, Lamont JT, Kim H. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.00177-11 | 2011 | |
| Metabolism | Microbiota-Regulated IL-25 Increases Eosinophil Number to Provide Protection during Clostridium difficile Infection. | Buonomo EL, Cowardin CA, Wilson MG, Saleh MM, Pramoonjago P, Petri WA. | Cell Rep | 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.007 | 2016 | |
| Tryptophan catabolism restricts IFN-gamma-expressing neutrophils and Clostridium difficile immunopathology. | El-Zaatari M, Chang YM, Zhang M, Franz M, Shreiner A, McDermott AJ, van der Sluijs KF, Lutter R, Grasberger H, Kamada N, Young VB, Huffnagle GB, Kao JY. | J Immunol | 10.4049/jimmunol.1302913 | 2014 | | |
| Enzymology | Automated detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in clinical samples: isothermal tcdB amplification coupled to array-based detection. | Hicke B, Pasko C, Groves B, Ager E, Corpuz M, Frech G, Munns D, Smith W, Warcup A, Denys G, Ledeboer NA, Lindsey W, Owen C, Rea L, Jenison R. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.00621-12 | 2012 | |
| Innate Immune Defenses Mediated by Two ILC Subsets Are Critical for Protection against Acute Clostridium difficile Infection. | Abt MC, Lewis BB, Caballero S, Xiong H, Carter RA, Susac B, Ling L, Leiner I, Pamer EG. | Cell Host Microbe | 10.1016/j.chom.2015.06.011 | 2015 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Human monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins A and B inhibit inflammatory and histologic responses to the toxins in human colon and peripheral blood monocytes. | Koon HW, Shih DQ, Hing TC, Yoo JH, Ho S, Chen X, Kelly CP, Targan SR, Pothoulakis C. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.02633-12 | 2013 | |
| Metabolism | Shifts in the Gut Metabolome and Clostridium difficile Transcriptome throughout Colonization and Infection in a Mouse Model. | Fletcher JR, Erwin S, Lanzas C, Theriot CM. | mSphere | 10.1128/msphere.00089-18 | 2018 | |
| Toll-like receptor 5 stimulation protects mice from acute Clostridium difficile colitis. | Jarchum I, Liu M, Lipuma L, Pamer EG. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.01196-10 | 2011 | | |
| Infection and inflammation stimulate expansion of a CD74+ Paneth cell subset to regulate disease progression. | Balasubramanian I, Bandyopadhyay S, Flores J, Bianchi-Smak J, Lin X, Liu H, Sun S, Golovchenko NB, Liu Y, Wang D, Patel R, Joseph I, Suntornsaratoon P, Vargas J, Green PH, Bhagat G, Lagana SM, Ying W, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Li WV, Singh S, Zhou Z, Kollias G, Farr LA, Moonah SN, Yu S, Wei Z, Bonder EM, Zhang L, Kiela PR, Edelblum KL, Ferraris R, Liu TC, Gao N. | EMBO J | 10.15252/embj.2023113975 | 2023 | | |
| Assessment of Clostridium difficile infections by quantitative detection of tcdB toxin by use of a real-time cell analysis system. | Ryder AB, Huang Y, Li H, Zheng M, Wang X, Stratton CW, Xu X, Tang YW. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.01104-10 | 2010 | | |
| Pathogenicity | MBX-500, a hybrid antibiotic with in vitro and in vivo efficacy against toxigenic Clostridium difficile. | Butler MM, Shinabarger DL, Citron DM, Kelly CP, Dvoskin S, Wright GE, Feng H, Tzipori S, Bowlin TL. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.00508-12 | 2012 | |
| Clostridium difficile vaccine and serum immunoglobulin G antibody response to toxin A. | Aboudola S, Kotloff KL, Kyne L, Warny M, Kelly EC, Sougioultzis S, Giannasca PJ, Monath TP, Kelly CP. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.71.3.1608-1610.2003 | 2003 | | |
| Role of leptin-mediated colonic inflammation in defense against Clostridium difficile colitis. | Madan R, Guo X, Naylor C, Buonomo EL, Mackay D, Noor Z, Concannon P, Scully KW, Pramoonjago P, Kolling GL, Warren CA, Duggal P, Petri WA. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00972-13 | 2014 | | |
| Enzymology | Development of novel sugar isomerases by optimization of active sites in phosphosugar isomerases for monosaccharides. | Yeom SJ, Kim YS, Oh DK. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.02539-12 | 2013 | |
| Pathogenicity | The wide spectrum high biocidal potency of Bioxy formulation when dissolved in water at different concentrations. | Dagher D, Ungar K, Robison R, Dagher F. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0172224 | 2017 | |
| A Combination of Three Fully Human Toxin A- and Toxin B-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Protects against Challenge with Highly Virulent Epidemic Strains of Clostridium difficile in the Hamster Model. | Anosova NG, Cole LE, Li L, Zhang J, Brown AM, Mundle S, Zhang J, Ray S, Ma F, Garrone P, Bertraminelli N, Kleanthous H, Anderson SF. | Clin Vaccine Immunol | 10.1128/cvi.00763-14 | 2015 | | |
| Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant Clostridium difficile flagellar protein FliC. | Ghose C, Eugenis I, Sun X, Edwards AN, McBride SM, Pride DT, Kelly CP, Ho DD. | Emerg Microbes Infect | 10.1038/emi.2016.8 | 2016 | | |
| Disease Progression and Resolution in Rodent Models of Clostridium difficile Infection and Impact of Antitoxin Antibodies and Vancomycin. | Warn P, Thommes P, Sattar A, Corbett D, Flattery A, Zhang Z, Black T, Hernandez LD, Therien AG. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.00974-16 | 2016 | | |
| Systems Modeling of Interactions between Mucosal Immunity and the Gut Microbiome during Clostridium difficile Infection. | Leber A, Viladomiu M, Hontecillas R, Abedi V, Philipson C, Hoops S, Howard B, Bassaganya-Riera J. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0134849 | 2015 | | |
| Progress in the discovery of treatments for C. difficile infection: A clinical and medicinal chemistry review. | Tsutsumi LS, Owusu YB, Hurdle JG, Sun D. | Curr Top Med Chem | 10.2174/1568026613666131113154753 | 2014 | | |
| Sequence similarity of Clostridium difficile strains by analysis of conserved genes and genome content is reflected by their ribotype affiliation. | Kurka H, Ehrenreich A, Ludwig W, Monot M, Rupnik M, Barbut F, Indra A, Dupuy B, Liebl W. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0086535 | 2014 | | |
| Genetics | Clostridium difficile carriage in elderly subjects and associated changes in the intestinal microbiota. | Rea MC, O'Sullivan O, Shanahan F, O'Toole PW, Stanton C, Ross RP, Hill C. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.05176-11 | 2012 | |
| Metabolism | c-di-GMP turn-over in Clostridium difficile is controlled by a plethora of diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases. | Bordeleau E, Fortier LC, Malouin F, Burrus V. | PLoS Genet | 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002039 | 2011 | |
| Modeling the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and microRNA-146 in mucosal immune responses to Clostridium difficile. | Viladomiu M, Hontecillas R, Pedragosa M, Carbo A, Hoops S, Michalak P, Michalak K, Guerrant RL, Roche JK, Warren CA, Bassaganya-Riera J. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0047525 | 2012 | | |
| Using phenotype microarrays to determine culture conditions that induce or repress toxin production by Clostridium difficile and other microorganisms. | Lei XH, Bochner BR. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0056545 | 2013 | | |
| Metabolism | Fidaxomicin preserves the intestinal microbiome during and after treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and reduces both toxin reexpression and recurrence of CDI. | Louie TJ, Cannon K, Byrne B, Emery J, Ward L, Eyben M, Krulicki W. | Clin Infect Dis | 10.1093/cid/cis338 | 2012 | |
| Macrofragment localization of the toxin A and toxin B genes of Clostridium difficile. | Norwood DA, Sands JA. | Clin Diagn Lab Immunol | 10.1128/cdli.3.6.782-785.1996 | 1996 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Molecular analysis of the gyrA and gyrB quinolone resistance-determining regions of fluoroquinolone-resistant Clostridium difficile mutants selected in vitro. | Spigaglia P, Barbanti F, Louie T, Barbut F, Mastrantonio P. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.01252-08 | 2009 | |
| Pathogenicity | Antibiotic-induced shifts in the mouse gut microbiome and metabolome increase susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection. | Theriot CM, Koenigsknecht MJ, Carlson PE, Hatton GE, Nelson AM, Li B, Huffnagle GB, Z Li J, Young VB. | Nat Commun | 10.1038/ncomms4114 | 2014 | |
| Proteome | Structure of Clostridium difficile PilJ exhibits unprecedented divergence from known type IV pilins. | Piepenbrink KH, Maldarelli GA, de la Pena CF, Mulvey GL, Snyder GA, De Masi L, von Rosenvinge EC, Gunther S, Armstrong GD, Donnenberg MS, Sundberg EJ. | J Biol Chem | 10.1074/jbc.m113.534404 | 2014 | |
| Pathogenicity | Rifalazil treats and prevents relapse of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hamsters. | Anton PM, O'Brien M, Kokkotou E, Eisenstein B, Michaelis A, Rothstein D, Paraschos S, Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.48.10.3975-3979.2004 | 2004 | |
| Metabolism | The P2Y6 receptor mediates Clostridium difficile toxin-induced CXCL8/IL-8 production and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. | Hansen A, Alston L, Tulk SE, Schenck LP, Grassie ME, Alhassan BF, Veermalla AT, Al-Bashir S, Gendron FP, Altier C, MacDonald JA, Beck PL, Hirota SA. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0081491 | 2013 | |
| Rapid molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile and assessment of populations of C. difficile in stool specimens. | Wroblewski D, Hannett GE, Bopp DJ, Dumyati GK, Halse TA, Dumas NB, Musser KA. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.02498-08 | 2009 | | |
| Genetics | Analysis of ultra low genome conservation in Clostridium difficile. | Scaria J, Ponnala L, Janvilisri T, Yan W, Mueller LA, Chang YF. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0015147 | 2010 | |
| Intrarectal instillation of Clostridium difficile toxin A triggers colonic inflammation and tissue damage: development of a novel and efficient mouse model of Clostridium difficile toxin exposure. | Hirota SA, Iablokov V, Tulk SE, Schenck LP, Becker H, Nguyen J, Al Bashir S, Dingle TC, Laing A, Liu J, Li Y, Bolstad J, Mulvey GL, Armstrong GD, MacNaughton WK, Muruve DA, MacDonald JA, Beck PL. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00933-12 | 2012 | | |
| Phylogeny | Clostridium difficile infections in a Canadian tertiary care hospital before and during a regional epidemic associated with the BI/NAP1/027 strain. | Labbe AC, Poirier L, Maccannell D, Louie T, Savoie M, Beliveau C, Laverdiere M, Pepin J. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.00146-08 | 2008 | |
| Metabolism | A modified R-type bacteriocin specifically targeting Clostridium difficile prevents colonization of mice without affecting gut microbiota diversity. | Gebhart D, Lok S, Clare S, Tomas M, Stares M, Scholl D, Donskey CJ, Lawley TD, Govoni GR. | mBio | 10.1128/mbio.02368-14 | 2015 | |
| Safety and immunogenicity of increasing doses of a Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine administered to healthy adults. | Kotloff KL, Wasserman SS, Losonsky GA, Thomas W, Nichols R, Edelman R, Bridwell M, Monath TP. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.69.2.988-995.2001 | 2001 | | |
| Models for the study of Clostridium difficile infection. | Best EL, Freeman J, Wilcox MH. | Gut Microbes | 10.4161/gmic.19526 | 2012 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Emerging Diagnostics in Clostridioides difficile Infection. | Hulme JP. | Int J Mol Sci | 10.3390/ijms25168672 | 2024 | |
| Overcoming donor variability and risks associated with fecal microbiota transplants through bacteriophage-mediated treatments. | Rasmussen TS, Mao X, Forster S, Larsen SB, Von Munchow A, Tranaes KD, Brunse A, Larsen F, Mejia JLC, Adamberg S, Hansen AK, Adamberg K, Hansen CHF, Nielsen DS. | Microbiome | 10.1186/s40168-024-01820-1 | 2024 | | |
| Octahedron Iron Oxide Nanocrystals Prohibited Clostridium difficile Spore Germination and Attenuated Local and Systemic Inflammation. | Lee WT, Wu YN, Chen YH, Wu SR, Shih TM, Li TJ, Yang LX, Yeh CS, Tsai PJ, Shieh DB. | Sci Rep | 10.1038/s41598-017-08387-y | 2017 | | |
| Metabolism | Clostridium difficile toxin A induces a specific antisecretory factor which protects against intestinal mucosal damage. | Torres J, Jennische E, Lange S, Lonnroth I. | Gut | 10.1136/gut.32.7.791 | 1991 | |
| Untargeted Metabolomics Identifies Faecal Filtrate-Derived Metabolites That Disrupt Clostridioides difficile Metabolism and Confer Gut Barrier Cytoprotection. | Qassadi FI, Johnson C, Robinson K, Griffin R, Polytarchou C, Kao D, Kim DH, Griffiths RL, Zhu Z, Monaghan TM. | Int J Mol Sci | 10.3390/ijms262211221 | 2025 | | |
| In vivo efficacy of fidaxomicin against rpoB mutant Clostridioides difficile infection. | Hoai MT, Hitomi Y, Fujii T, Morinaga Y. | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2025.102992 | 2025 | | |
| Pathogenicity | The monoclonal antibody AZD5148 confers broad protection against TcdB-diverse Clostridioides difficile strains in mice. | Peritore-Galve FC, Kroh HK, Shupe JA, Ehni AG, Cano Rodriguez R, Kordus SL, Washington MK, Knippel RJ, Stanley AM, Gamson A, Tkaczyk C, Lacy DB. | PLoS Pathog | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013651 | 2025 | |
| The Impact of Diet on Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Review. | Castro M, Silver HJ, Hazleton K, Lozupone C, Nicholson MR. | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jiaf233 | 2025 | | |
| Metabolism | The emerging view on the roles of butyrate in Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis. | Dobrila HA, Hryckowian AJ. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00047-25 | 2025 | |
| Potential effectiveness of parenteral nemonoxacin in the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections: in vitro, ex vivo, and mouse studies. | Lee CC, Yan XZ, Wu HT, Ko WC, Tsai PJ, Hung YP. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1418817 | 2024 | | |
| Pathogenicity | A Streamlined Method to Obtain Biologically Active TcdA and TcdB Toxins from Clostridioides difficile. | Sapa D, Brosse A, Coullon H, Pean de Ponfilly G, Candela T, Le Monnier A. | Toxins (Basel) | 10.3390/toxins16010038 | 2024 | |
| IL-33 protects from recurrent C. difficile infection by restoration of humoral immunity. | Naz F, Uddin MJ, Hagspiel N, Young MK, Tyus D, Boone R, Brown AC, Ramakrishnan G, Rigo I, Fleming C, Madden GR, Petri WA. | J Clin Invest | 10.1172/jci184659 | 2025 | | |
| Metabolism | Emerging Clostridioides difficile ribotypes have divergent metabolic phenotypes. | Midani FS, Danhof HA, Mathew N, Ardis CK, Garey KW, Spinler JK, Britton RA. | mSystems | 10.1128/msystems.01075-24 | 2025 | |
| Pathogenicity | Clostridioides difficile toxins alter host metabolic pathway and bile acid homeostasis gene expression in colonic epithelium. | Thomas SA, Pike CM, Perkins CE, Brown ST, Espinoza Jaen XM, McMillan AS, Theriot CM. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00150-25 | 2025 | |
| The state of play of rodent models for the study of Clostridioides difficile infection. | Brosse A, Coullon H, Janoir C, Pechine S. | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/jmm.0.001857 | 2024 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Characterization of a Clostridioides difficile ST-293 isolate from a recurrent infection in Argentina. | Soldavini Pelichotti PC, Cejas D, Fernandez-Caniggia L, Trejo FM, Perez PF. | Rev Argent Microbiol | 10.1016/j.ram.2022.09.004 | 2023 | |
| Pathogenicity | Inhibition of Clostridioides difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB by the amiodarone derivative dronedarone. | Matylitsky J, Krieg A, Schumacher J, Borho J, Barth H, Papatheodorou P. | Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol | 10.1007/s00210-024-03248-8 | 2024 | |
| Budesonide, an anti-inflammatory drug, exacerbate clostridioides difficile colitis in mice. | Lin Q, Li Z, Lu L, Xu H, Lou E, Chen A, Sun D, Zhang W, Zhu W, Yee EU, Sears PS, Chen X, Kelly CP. | Biomed Pharmacother | 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115489 | 2023 | | |
| Comparison of toxin gene expression levels and molecular typing of Clostridioides difficile strains isolated from patients with diarrhea. | Shokoohizadeh L, Moomivand M, Yadegar A, Azimirad M, Hashemi SH, Alikhani MY. | Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench | 10.22037/ghfbb.v17i3.2982 | 2024 | | |
| Pathogenicity | A multivalent mRNA-LNP vaccine protects against Clostridioides difficile infection. | Alameh MG, Semon A, Bayard NU, Pan YG, Dwivedi G, Knox J, Glover RC, Rangel PC, Tanes C, Bittinger K, She Q, Hu H, Bonam SR, Maslanka JR, Planet PJ, Moustafa AM, Davis B, Chevrier A, Beattie M, Ni H, Blizard G, Furth EE, Mach RH, Lavertu M, Sellmyer MA, Tam Y, Abt MC, Weissman D, Zackular JP. | Science | 10.1126/science.adn4955 | 2024 | |
| Pathogenicity | Loratadine as an Anti-inflammatory Agent Against Clostridium difficile Toxin B. | Xie Y, Irwin S, Chupina Estrada A, Nelson B, Bullock A, Fontenot L, Feng H, Sun M, Koon HW. | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jiae021 | 2024 | |
| Pathogenicity | Flagellin is essential for initial attachment to mucosal surfaces by Clostridioides difficile. | Sidner B, Lerma A, Biswas B, Do TVT, Yu Y, Ronish LA, McCullough H, Auchtung JM, Piepenbrink KH. | Microbiol Spectr | 10.1128/spectrum.02120-23 | 2023 | |
| The Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Mouse Models Infected with Clostridioides difficile from the Perspective of Metabolic Profiling: A Systematic Review. | Voziki A, Deda O, Kachrimanidou M. | Metabolites | 10.3390/metabo14120677 | 2024 | | |
| Fiber- and acetate-mediated modulation of MHC-II expression on intestinal epithelium protects from Clostridioides difficile infection. | Fachi JL, de Oliveira S, Trsan T, Penati S, Gilfillan S, Cao S, Ribeiro Castro P, Fernandes MF, Hyrc KL, Liu X, Rodrigues PF, Bhattarai B, Layden BT, Vinolo MAR, Colonna M. | Cell Host Microbe | 10.1016/j.chom.2024.12.017 | 2025 | | |
| Identification of DraRS in Clostridioides difficile, a Two-Component Regulatory System That Responds to Lipid II-Interacting Antibiotics. | Pannullo AG, Zbylicki BR, Ellermeier CD. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.00164-23 | 2023 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Low-toxin Clostridioides difficile RT027 strains exhibit robust virulence. | Anwar F, Roxas BAP, Shehab KW, Ampel NM, Viswanathan VK, Vedantam G. | Emerg Microbes Infect | 10.1080/22221751.2022.2105260 | 2022 | |
| Recombinant Fusion Protein Vaccine Containing Clostridioides difficile FliC and FliD Protects Mice against C. difficile Infection. | Wang S, Ju X, Heuler J, Zhang K, Duan Z, Warnakulasuriya Patabendige HML, Zhao S, Sun X. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00169-22 | 2023 | | |
| Metabolism | Clostridioides difficile exploits xanthine and uric acid as nutrients by utilizing a selenium-dependent catabolic pathway. | Johnstone MA, Self WT. | Microbiol Spectr | 10.1128/spectrum.00844-24 | 2024 | |
| The Brief Case: a White-Colony-Producing Clostridioides difficile Ribotype 020 Strain. | Imwattana K, Shivaperumal N, Leepattarakit T, Kiratisin P, Knight DR, Riley TV. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.00893-22 | 2023 | | |
| Pathogenicity | The antimicrobial peptide Angie 5 inhibits TcdA and TcdB from Clostridioides difficile. | Lietz S, Sokolowski LM, Lindner K, Rodriguez AA, Standker L, Vogel V, Spellerberg B, Stenger S, Alpizar-Pedraza D, Ernst K, Papatheodorou P, Barth H. | Cell Mol Life Sci | 10.1007/s00018-025-05799-2 | 2025 | |
| Modulation of colonic immunometabolic responses during Clostridioides difficile infection ameliorates disease severity and inflammation. | Tubau-Juni N, Bassaganya-Riera J, Leber AJ, Alva SS, Baker R, Hontecillas R. | Sci Rep | 10.1038/s41598-023-41847-2 | 2023 | | |
| Succinate-producing microbiota drives tuft cell hyperplasia to protect against Clostridioides difficile. | Kellogg TD, Ceglia S, Mortzfeld BM, Tanna TM, Zeamer AL, Mancini MR, Foley SE, Ward DV, Bhattarai SK, McCormick BA, Reboldi A, Bucci V. | J Exp Med | 10.1084/jem.20232055 | 2025 | | |
| Reviewing the Clostridioides difficile Mouse Model: Insights into Infection Mechanisms. | Fachi JL, Vinolo MAR, Colonna M. | Microorganisms | 10.3390/microorganisms12020273 | 2024 | | |
| Microbiological Ecological Surveillance of Zoonotic Pathogens from Hamadryas Baboons in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. | Alqumber MA. | Microorganisms | 10.3390/microorganisms12122421 | 2024 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Exploring the inhibitory potential of the antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone against Clostridioides difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB. | Schumacher J, Nienhaus A, Heber S, Matylitsky J, Chaves-Olarte E, Rodriguez C, Barth H, Papatheodorou P. | Gut Microbes | 10.1080/19490976.2023.2256695 | 2023 | |
| Pathogenicity | Monoclonal antibody-mediated neutralization of Clostridioides difficile toxin does not diminish induction of the protective innate immune response to infection. | Denny JE, Alam MZ, Mdluli NV, Maslanka JR, Lieberman LA, Abt MC. | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102859 | 2024 | |
| Host Immune Responses to Clostridioides difficile Infection and Potential Novel Therapeutic Approaches. | Alam MZ, Markantonis JE, Fallon JT. | Trop Med Infect Dis | 10.3390/tropicalmed8120506 | 2023 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Biological Mechanisms of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis Toxin: Linking Inflammation, Colorectal Cancer, and Clinical Implications. | Jasemi S, Molicotti P, Fais M, Cossu I, Simula ER, Sechi LA. | Toxins (Basel) | 10.3390/toxins17060305 | 2025 | |
| Pathogenicity | Toxin A-Predominant Pathogenic Clostridioides difficile: A Novel Clinical Phenotype. | Lin Q, Pollock NR, Banz A, Lantz A, Xu H, Gu L, Gerding DN, Garey KW, Gonzales-Luna AJ, Zhao M, Song L, Duffy DC, Kelly CP, Chen X. | Clin Infect Dis | 10.1093/cid/ciz727 | 2020 | |
| Metabolism | The Butyrate-Producing Bacterium Clostridium butyricum Suppresses Clostridioides difficile Infection via Neutrophil- and Antimicrobial Cytokine-Dependent but GPR43/109a-Independent Mechanisms. | Hayashi A, Nagao-Kitamoto H, Kitamoto S, Kim CH, Kamada N. | J Immunol | 10.4049/jimmunol.2000353 | 2021 | |
| Pathogenicity | Host Immunity and Immunization Strategies for Clostridioides difficile Infection. | Naz F, Petri WA. | Clin Microbiol Rev | 10.1128/cmr.00157-22 | 2023 | |
| Novel, non-colonizing, single-strain live biotherapeutic product ADS024 protects against Clostridioides difficile infection challenge in vivo. | Murphy CK, O'Donnell MM, Hegarty JW, Schulz S, Hill C, Ross RP, Rea MC, Farquhar R, Chesnel L. | World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol | 10.4291/wjgp.v14.i4.71 | 2023 | | |
| Deficiency of IL-22-binding protein enhances the ability of the gut microbiota to protect against enteric pathogens. | Fachi JL, Di Luccia B, Gilfillan S, Chang HW, Song C, Cheng J, Cella M, Vinolo MA, Gordon JI, Colonna M. | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | 10.1073/pnas.2321836121 | 2024 | | |
| alpha-Galactosylceramide-Reactive NKT Cells Increase IgG1 Class Switch against a Clostridioides difficile Polysaccharide Antigen and Enhance Immunity against a Live Pathogen Challenge. | Lang GA, Shrestha B, Amadou Amani S, Shadid TM, Ballard JD, Lang ML. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00438-21 | 2021 | | |
| Systemic Inflammatory Mediators Are Effective Biomarkers for Predicting Adverse Outcomes in Clostridioides difficile Infection. | Dieterle MG, Putler R, Perry DA, Menon A, Abernathy-Close L, Perlman NS, Penkevich A, Standke A, Keidan M, Vendrov KC, Bergin IL, Young VB, Rao K. | mBio | 10.1128/mbio.00180-20 | 2020 | | |
| Use of a Clostridioides difficile Murine Immunization and Challenge Model to Evaluate Single and Combination Vaccine Adjuvants Consisting of Alum and NKT Cell-Activating Ligands. | Lang GA, Norman K, Amadou Amani S, Shadid TM, Ballard JD, Lang ML. | Front Immunol | 10.3389/fimmu.2021.818734 | 2021 | | |
| Pathogenicity | A Multi-Factorial Observational Study on Sequential Fecal Microbiota Transplant in Patients with Medically Refractory Clostridioides difficile Infection. | Monaghan TM, Duggal NA, Rosati E, Griffin R, Hughes J, Roach B, Yang DY, Wang C, Wong K, Saxinger L, Pucic-Bakovic M, Vuckovic F, Klicek F, Lauc G, Tighe P, Mullish BH, Blanco JM, McDonald JAK, Marchesi JR, Xue N, Dottorini T, Acharjee A, Franke A, Li Y, Wong GK, Polytarchou C, Yau TO, Christodoulou N, Hatziapostolou M, Wang M, Russell LA, Kao DH. | Cells | 10.3390/cells10113234 | 2021 | |
| Pathogenicity | Biological characteristics associated with virulence in Clostridioides difficile ribotype 002 in Hong Kong. | Kong KY, Kwong TNY, Chan H, Wong K, Wong SSY, Chaparala AP, Chan RCY, Zhang L, Sung JJY, Yu J, Hawkey PM, Ip M, Wu WKK, Wong SH. | Emerg Microbes Infect | 10.1080/22221751.2020.1739564 | 2020 | |
| The Compound U18666A Inhibits the Intoxication of Cells by Clostridioides difficile Toxins TcdA and TcdB. | Papatheodorou P, Kindig S, Badilla-Lobo A, Fischer S, Durgun E, Thuraisingam T, Witte A, Song S, Aktories K, Chaves-Olarte E, Rodriguez C, Barth H. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2021.784856 | 2021 | | |
| Synthetic Oligosaccharide-Based Vaccines Protect Mice from Clostridioides difficile Infections. | Broecker F, Wegner E, Seco BMS, Kaplonek P, Brautigam M, Ensser A, Pfister F, Daniel C, Martin CE, Mattner J, Seeberger PH. | ACS Chem Biol | 10.1021/acschembio.9b00642 | 2019 | | |
| Large Clostridial Toxins: Mechanisms and Roles in Disease. | Orrell KE, Melnyk RA. | Microbiol Mol Biol Rev | 10.1128/mmbr.00064-21 | 2021 | | |
| Dual RNA-seq identifies genes and pathways modulated during Clostridioides difficile colonization. | Frost LR, Stark R, Anonye BO, MacCreath TO, Ferreira LRP, Unnikrishnan M. | mSystems | 10.1128/msystems.00555-23 | 2023 | | |
| Leptin Receptor q223r Polymorphism Influences Clostridioides difficile Infection-Induced Neutrophil CXCR2 Expression in an Interleukin-1beta Dependent Manner. | Horrigan O, Jose S, Mukherjee A, Sharma D, Huber A, Madan R. | Front Cell Infect Microbiol | 10.3389/fcimb.2021.619192 | 2021 | | |
| Novel metal peroxide nanoboxes restrain Clostridioides difficile infection beyond the bactericidal and sporicidal activity. | Yang LX, Lai YH, Cheung CI, Ye Z, Huang TC, Wang YC, Chin YC, Chia ZC, Chen YJ, Li MJ, Tseng HY, Tsai YT, Zhang ZB, Chen KH, Tsai BY, Shieh DB, Lee NY, Tsai PJ, Huang CC. | Bioeng Transl Med | 10.1002/btm2.10593 | 2023 | | |
| Clostridioides difficile Infection Induces an Inferior IgG Response to That Induced by Immunization and Is Associated with a Lack of T Follicular Helper Cell and Memory B Cell Expansion. | Amadou Amani S, Shadid T, Ballard JD, Lang ML. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00829-19 | 2020 | | |
| Pathogenicity | The Murine Neonatal Fc Receptor Is Required for Transport of Immunization-Induced C. difficile-Specific IgG to the Gut and Protection against Disease but Does Not Affect Disease Susceptibility. | Amadou Amani S, Lang GA, Ballard JD, Lang ML. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00274-21 | 2021 | |
| Outbreaks of Typhlocolitis Caused by Hypervirulent Group ST1 Clostridioides difficile in Highly Immunocompromised Strains of Mice. | Ma KGL, Lertpiriyapong K, Piersigilli A, Dobtsis I, Wipf JRK, Littmann ER, Leiner I, Pamer EG, Ricart Arbona RJ, Lipman NS. | Comp Med | 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000109 | 2020 | | |
| Food for thought-The link between Clostridioides difficile metabolism and pathogenesis. | Marshall A, McGrath JW, Graham R, McMullan G. | PLoS Pathog | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011034 | 2023 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Network analysis of toxin production in Clostridioides difficile identifies key metabolic dependencies. | Powers DA, Jenior ML, Kolling GL, Papin JA. | PLoS Comput Biol | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011076 | 2023 | |
| Pathogenicity | Arginine at the host-pathogen interface. | Ryan BE, Mike LA. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00612-24 | 2025 | |
| Gut Dysbiosis and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Autoimmune Diseases. | Belvoncikova P, Maronek M, Gardlik R. | Int J Mol Sci | 10.3390/ijms231810729 | 2022 | | |
| Phylogeny | Clostridioides difficile ribotype 106: A systematic review of the antimicrobial susceptibility, genetics, and clinical outcomes of this common worldwide strain. | Carlson TJ, Blasingame D, Gonzales-Luna AJ, Alnezary F, Garey KW. | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102142 | 2020 | |
| Pathogenicity | Redistribution of the Novel Clostridioides difficile Spore Adherence Receptor E-Cadherin by TcdA and TcdB Increases Spore Binding to Adherens Junctions. | Castro-Cordova P, Otto-Medina M, Montes-Bravo N, Brito-Silva C, Lacy DB, Paredes-Sabja D. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00476-22 | 2023 | |
| Pathogenicity | Clostridioides difficile infection: traversing host-pathogen interactions in the gut. | Cheng JKJ, Unnikrishnan M. | Microbiology (Reading) | 10.1099/mic.0.001306 | 2023 | |
| Pathogenicity | Dietary fat promotes antibiotic-induced Clostridioides difficile mortality in mice. | Hazleton KZ, Martin CG, Orlicky DJ, Arnolds KL, Nusbacher NM, Moreno-Huizar N, Armstrong M, Reisdorph N, Lozupone CA. | NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes | 10.1038/s41522-022-00276-1 | 2022 | |
| Enzymology | d-Proline Reductase Underlies Proline-Dependent Growth of Clostridioides difficile. | Johnstone MA, Self WT. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.00229-22 | 2022 | |
| Human C. difficile toxin-specific memory B cell repertoires encode poorly neutralizing antibodies. | Shah HB, Smith K, Scott EJ, Larabee JL, James JA, Ballard JD, Lang ML. | JCI Insight | 10.1172/jci.insight.138137 | 2020 | | |
| Phylogenomics of 8,839 Clostridioides difficile genomes reveals recombination-driven evolution and diversification of toxin A and B. | Mansfield MJ, Tremblay BJ, Zeng J, Wei X, Hodgins H, Worley J, Bry L, Dong M, Doxey AC. | PLoS Pathog | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009181 | 2020 | | |
| The Stickland Reaction Precursor trans-4-Hydroxy-l-Proline Differentially Impacts the Metabolism of Clostridioides difficile and Commensal Clostridia. | Reed AD, Fletcher JR, Huang YY, Thanissery R, Rivera AJ, Parsons RJ, Stewart AK, Kountz DJ, Shen A, Balskus EP, Theriot CM. | mSphere | 10.1128/msphere.00926-21 | 2022 | | |
| Obeticholic acid ameliorates severity of Clostridioides difficile infection in high fat diet-induced obese mice. | Jose S, Mukherjee A, Horrigan O, Setchell KDR, Zhang W, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Andersen H, Sharma D, Haslam DB, Divanovic S, Madan R. | Mucosal Immunol | 10.1038/s41385-020-00338-7 | 2021 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Detection of Newly Secreted Antibodies Predicts Nonrecurrence in Primary Clostridioides difficile Infection. | Haddad NS, Nozick S, Kim G, Ohanian S, Kraft CS, Rebolledo PA, Wang Y, Wu H, Bressler A, Le SNT, Kuruvilla M, Runnstrom MC, Ramonell RP, Cannon LE, Lee FE, Daiss JL. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.02201-21 | 2022 | |
| Pathogenicity | Human alpha-Defensin-6 Neutralizes Clostridioides difficile Toxins TcdA and TcdB by Direct Binding. | Barthold L, Heber S, Schmidt CQ, Gradl M, Weidinger G, Barth H, Fischer S. | Int J Mol Sci | 10.3390/ijms23094509 | 2022 | |
| Pathogenicity | The Impact of pH on Clostridioides difficile Sporulation and Physiology. | Wetzel D, McBride SM. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.02706-19 | 2020 | |
| Metabolism | Clostridioides difficile Toxin A Remodels Membranes and Mediates DNA Entry Into Cells to Activate Toll-Like Receptor 9 Signaling. | Chen X, Yang X, de Anda J, Huang J, Li D, Xu H, Shields KS, Dzunkova M, Hansen J, Patel IJ, Yee EU, Golenbock DT, Grant MA, Wong GCL, Kelly CP. | Gastroenterology | 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.038 | 2020 | |
| Pathogenicity | Glucosyltransferase-dependent and independent effects of Clostridioides difficile toxins during infection. | Peritore-Galve FC, Shupe JA, Cave RJ, Childress KO, Washington MK, Kuehne SA, Lacy DB. | PLoS Pathog | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010323 | 2022 | |
| The Importance of Therapeutically Targeting the Binary Toxin from Clostridioides difficile. | Abeyawardhane DL, Godoy-Ruiz R, Adipietro KA, Varney KM, Rustandi RR, Pozharski E, Weber DJ. | Int J Mol Sci | 10.3390/ijms22062926 | 2021 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Host Immune Markers Distinguish Clostridioides difficile Infection From Asymptomatic Carriage and Non-C. difficile Diarrhea. | Kelly CP, Chen X, Williams D, Xu H, Cuddemi CA, Daugherty K, Barrett C, Miller M, Foussadier A, Lantz A, Banz A, Pollock NR. | Clin Infect Dis | 10.1093/cid/ciz330 | 2020 | |
| Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection Associates With Functional Alterations in Circulating microRNAs. | Monaghan TM, Seekatz AM, Markham NO, Yau TO, Hatziapostolou M, Jilani T, Christodoulou N, Roach B, Birli E, Pomenya O, Louie T, Lacy DB, Kim P, Lee C, Kao D, Polytarchou C. | Gastroenterology | 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.050 | 2021 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Structural dynamics of receptor recognition and pH-induced dissociation of full-length Clostridioides difficile Toxin B. | Jiang M, Shin J, Simeon R, Chang JY, Meng R, Wang Y, Shinde O, Li P, Chen Z, Zhang J. | PLoS Biol | 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001589 | 2022 | |
| Pathogenicity | Clostridioides difficile: innovations in target discovery and potential for therapeutic success. | Monaghan TM, Seekatz AM, Mullish BH, Moore-Gillon CCER, Dawson LF, Ahmed A, Kao D, Chan WC. | Expert Opin Ther Targets | 10.1080/14728222.2021.2008907 | 2021 | |
| Epidemiology and virulence-associated genes of Clostridioides difficile isolates and factors associated with toxin EIA results at a university hospital in Japan. | Okada Y, Yagihara Y, Wakabayashi Y, Igawa G, Saito R, Higurashi Y, Ikeda M, Tatsuno K, Okugawa S, Moriya K. | Access Microbiol | 10.1099/acmi.0.000086 | 2020 | | |
| Metabolism | Germinant Synergy Facilitates Clostridium difficile Spore Germination under Physiological Conditions. | Kochan TJ, Shoshiev MS, Hastie JL, Somers MJ, Plotnick YM, Gutierrez-Munoz DF, Foss ED, Schubert AM, Smith AD, Zimmerman SK, Carlson PE, Hanna PC. | mSphere | 10.1128/msphere.00335-18 | 2018 | |
| Pathogenicity | A probiotic yeast-based immunotherapy against Clostridioides difficile infection. | Chen K, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Hamza T, Yu H, Saint Fleur A, Galen J, Yang Z, Feng H. | Sci Transl Med | 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax4905 | 2020 | |
| Pathogenicity | Integrating gut microbiome and host immune markers to understand the pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile infection. | Ke S, Pollock NR, Wang XW, Chen X, Daugherty K, Lin Q, Xu H, Garey KW, Gonzales-Luna AJ, Kelly CP, Liu YY. | Gut Microbes | 10.1080/19490976.2021.1935186 | 2021 | |
| Pathogenicity | Inhibition of Clostridioides difficile Toxins TcdA and TcdB by Ambroxol. | Heber S, Barthold L, Baier J, Papatheodorou P, Fois G, Frick M, Barth H, Fischer S. | Front Pharmacol | 10.3389/fphar.2021.809595 | 2021 | |
| The ATP-P2X7 Signaling Axis Is an Essential Sentinel for Intracellular Clostridium difficile Pathogen-Induced Inflammasome Activation. | Liu YH, Chang YC, Chen LK, Su PA, Ko WC, Tsai YS, Chen YH, Lai HC, Wu CY, Hung YP, Tsai PJ. | Front Cell Infect Microbiol | 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00084 | 2018 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Clearance of Clostridioides difficile Colonization Is Associated with Antibiotic-Specific Bacterial Changes. | Lesniak NA, Schubert AM, Sinani H, Schloss PD. | mSphere | 10.1128/msphere.01238-20 | 2021 | |
| Metabolism | Clostridioides difficile Senses and Hijacks Host Heme for Incorporation into an Oxidative Stress Defense System. | Knippel RJ, Wexler AG, Miller JM, Beavers WN, Weiss A, de Crecy-Lagard V, Edmonds KA, Giedroc DP, Skaar EP. | Cell Host Microbe | 10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.015 | 2020 | |
| Pathogenicity | An Osmotic Laxative Renders Mice Susceptible to Prolonged Clostridioides difficile Colonization and Hinders Clearance. | Tomkovich S, Taylor A, King J, Colovas J, Bishop L, McBride K, Royzenblat S, Lesniak NA, Bergin IL, Schloss PD. | mSphere | 10.1128/msphere.00629-21 | 2021 | |
| Type 3 Immunity during Clostridioides difficile Infection: Too Much of a Good Thing? | Saleh MM, Petri WA. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00306-19 | 2019 | | |
| Secreted Glycosyltransferase RsIA_GT of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA Inhibits Defense Responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. | Zhang D, Wang Z, Yamamoto N, Wang M, Yi X, Li P, Lin R, Nasimi Z, Okada K, Mochida K, Noutoshi Y, Zheng A. | Pathogens | 10.3390/pathogens11091026 | 2022 | | |
| Enterococci enhance Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis. | Smith AB, Jenior ML, Keenan O, Hart JL, Specker J, Abbas A, Rangel PC, Di C, Green J, Bustin KA, Gaddy JA, Nicholson MR, Laut C, Kelly BJ, Matthews ML, Evans DR, Van Tyne D, Furth EE, Papin JA, Bushman FD, Erlichman J, Baldassano RN, Silverman MA, Dunny GM, Prentice BM, Skaar EP, Zackular JP. | Nature | 10.1038/s41586-022-05438-x | 2022 | | |
| Pathogenicity | The Initial Gut Microbiota and Response to Antibiotic Perturbation Influence Clostridioides difficile Clearance in Mice. | Tomkovich S, Stough JMA, Bishop L, Schloss PD. | mSphere | 10.1128/msphere.00869-20 | 2020 | |
| Metabolism | Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection with a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Toxin UDP-Glucose Hydrolysis Activity. | Stroke IL, Letourneau JJ, Miller TE, Xu Y, Pechik I, Savoly DR, Ma L, Sturzenbecker LJ, Sabalski J, Stein PD, Webb ML, Hilbert DW. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.00107-18 | 2018 | |
| Pathogenicity | Rapid Quantification of C. difficile Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Toxin B (TcdB) with a NanoBiT Split-Luciferase Assay. | Adamson H, Ajayi MO, Gilroy KE, McPherson MJ, Tomlinson DC, Jeuken LJC. | Anal Chem | 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05206 | 2022 | |
| Pathogenicity | Impact of Oral Fidaxomicin Administration on the Intestinal Microbiota and Susceptibility to Clostridium difficile Colonization in Mice. | Ajami NJ, Cope JL, Wong MC, Petrosino JF, Chesnel L. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.02112-17 | 2018 | |
| Pathogenicity | U.S.-Based National Surveillance for Fidaxomicin Susceptibility of Clostridioides difficile-Associated Diarrheal Isolates from 2013 to 2016. | Thorpe CM, McDermott LA, Tran MK, Chang J, Jenkins SG, Goldstein EJC, Patel R, Forbes BA, Johnson S, Gerding DN, Snydman DR. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.00391-19 | 2019 | |
| Effects of defined gut microbial ecosystem components on virulence determinants of Clostridioides difficile. | Carlucci C, Jones CS, Oliphant K, Yen S, Daigneault M, Carriero C, Robinson A, Petrof EO, Weese JS, Allen-Vercoe E. | Sci Rep | 10.1038/s41598-018-37547-x | 2019 | | |
| Enzymology | Ultrasensitive Detection of Clostridioides difficile Toxins A and B by Use of Automated Single-Molecule Counting Technology. | Sandlund J, Bartolome A, Almazan A, Tam S, Biscocho S, Abusali S, Bishop JJ, Nolan N, Estis J, Todd J, Young S, Senchyna F, Banaei N. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.00908-18 | 2018 | |
| Impact of microbial derived secondary bile acids on colonization resistance against Clostridium difficile in the gastrointestinal tract. | Winston JA, Theriot CM. | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.05.003 | 2016 | | |
| Amelioration of Clostridium difficile Infection in Mice by Dietary Supplementation With Indole-3-carbinol. | Julliard W, De Wolfe TJ, Fechner JH, Safdar N, Agni R, Mezrich JD. | Ann Surg | 10.1097/sla.0000000000001830 | 2017 | | |
| Metabolism | Secreted Compounds of the Probiotic Bacillus clausii Strain O/C Inhibit the Cytotoxic Effects Induced by Clostridium difficile and Bacillus cereus Toxins. | Ripert G, Racedo SM, Elie AM, Jacquot C, Bressollier P, Urdaci MC. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.02815-15 | 2016 | |
| Genetics | An Update on Clostridium difficile Toxinotyping. | Rupnik M, Janezic S. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.02083-15 | 2016 | |
| Pathogenicity | Broad coverage of genetically diverse strains of Clostridium difficile by actoxumab and bezlotoxumab predicted by in vitro neutralization and epitope modeling. | Hernandez LD, Racine F, Xiao L, DiNunzio E, Hairston N, Sheth PR, Murgolo NJ, Therien AG. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.04433-14 | 2015 | |
| Metabolism | Analysis of TcdB Proteins within the Hypervirulent Clade 2 Reveals an Impact of RhoA Glucosylation on Clostridium difficile Proinflammatory Activities. | Quesada-Gomez C, Lopez-Urena D, Chumbler N, Kroh HK, Castro-Pena C, Rodriguez C, Orozco-Aguilar J, Gonzalez-Camacho S, Rucavado A, Guzman-Verri C, Lawley TD, Lacy DB, Chaves-Olarte E. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.01291-15 | 2016 | |
| Metabolism | Selection and characterization of ultrahigh potency designed ankyrin repeat protein inhibitors of C. difficile toxin B. | Simeon R, Jiang M, Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Yu H, Zhang Y, Meng R, Peng Z, Jakana J, Zhang J, Feng H, Chen Z. | PLoS Biol | 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000311 | 2019 | |
| Metabolism | Differential immunodetection of toxin B from highly virulent Clostridium difficile BI/NAP-1/027. | Pollock NR, Song L, Zhao M, Duffy DC, Chen X, Sambol SP, Gerding DN, Kelly CP. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.03419-14 | 2015 | |
| Pathogenicity | Pathobionts: mechanisms of survival, expansion, and interaction with host with a focus on Clostridioides difficile. | Chandra H, Sharma KK, Tuovinen OH, Sun X, Shukla P. | Gut Microbes | 10.1080/19490976.2021.1979882 | 2021 | |
| Neutrophil-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infections. | Jose S, Madan R. | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.04.001 | 2016 | | |
| Genetics | Defining and Evaluating a Core Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme for Genome-Wide Typing of Clostridium difficile. | Bletz S, Janezic S, Harmsen D, Rupnik M, Mellmann A. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.01987-17 | 2018 | |
| Enzymology | Sequence variation in tcdA and tcdB of Clostridium difficile: ST37 with truncated tcdA is a potential epidemic strain in China. | Du P, Cao B, Wang J, Li W, Jia H, Zhang W, Lu J, Li Z, Yu H, Chen C, Cheng Y. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.03487-13 | 2014 | |
| Metabolism | Control of Clostridium difficile Physiopathology in Response to Cysteine Availability. | Dubois T, Dancer-Thibonnier M, Monot M, Hamiot A, Bouillaut L, Soutourina O, Martin-Verstraete I, Dupuy B. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00121-16 | 2016 | |
| Neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor improves host survival after Clostridium difficile infection. | Jose S, Mukherjee A, Abhyankar MM, Leng L, Bucala R, Sharma D, Madan R. | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.06.014 | 2018 | | |
| Metabolism | The role of purified Clostridium difficile glucosylating toxins in disease pathogenesis utilizing a murine cecum injection model. | Zhang Y, Yang Z, Gao S, Hamza T, Yfantis HG, Lipsky M, Feng H. | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.10.006 | 2017 | |
| A High-Fat/High-Protein, Atkins-Type Diet Exacerbates Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Infection in Mice, whereas a High-Carbohydrate Diet Protects. | Mefferd CC, Bhute SS, Phan JR, Villarama JV, Do DM, Alarcia S, Abel-Santos E, Hedlund BP. | mSystems | 10.1128/msystems.00765-19 | 2020 | | |
| Metabolism | A neutralizing antibody that blocks delivery of the enzymatic cargo of Clostridium difficile toxin TcdB into host cells. | Kroh HK, Chandrasekaran R, Zhang Z, Rosenthal K, Woods R, Jin X, Nyborg AC, Rainey GJ, Warrener P, Melnyk RA, Spiller BW, Lacy DB. | J Biol Chem | 10.1074/jbc.m117.813428 | 2018 | |
| Metabolism | Clostridium difficile toxins or infection induce upregulation of adenosine receptors and IL-6 with early pro-inflammatory and late anti-inflammatory pattern. | Foschetti DA, Braga-Neto MB, Bolick D, Moore J, Alves LA, Martins CS, Bomfin LE, Santos A, Leitao R, Brito G, Warren CA. | Braz J Med Biol Res | 10.1590/1414-431x20209877 | 2020 | |
| Metabolism | Protection against Clostridium difficile infection with broadly neutralizing antitoxin monoclonal antibodies. | Marozsan AJ, Ma D, Nagashima KA, Kennedy BJ, Kang YK, Arrigale RR, Donovan GP, Magargal WW, Maddon PJ, Olson WC. | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jis416 | 2012 | |
| Organoid culture systems to study host-pathogen interactions. | Dutta D, Clevers H. | Curr Opin Immunol | 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.012 | 2017 | | |
| Metabolism | Rational design of a microbial consortium of mucosal sugar utilizers reduces Clostridiodes difficile colonization. | Pereira FC, Wasmund K, Cobankovic I, Jehmlich N, Herbold CW, Lee KS, Lee KS, Sziranyi B, Vesely C, Decker T, Stocker R, Warth B, von Bergen M, Wagner M, Berry D. | Nat Commun | 10.1038/s41467-020-18928-1 | 2020 | |
| Phylogeny | Increased sporulation rate of epidemic Clostridium difficile Type 027/NAP1. | Akerlund T, Persson I, Unemo M, Noren T, Svenungsson B, Wullt M, Burman LG. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.01964-07 | 2008 | |
| Pathogenicity | Host recognition of Clostridium difficile and the innate immune response. | Cowardin CA, Petri WA. | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.08.014 | 2014 | |
| Aging impairs protective host defenses against Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection in mice by suppressing neutrophil and IL-22 mediated immunity. | Peniche AG, Spinler JK, Boonma P, Savidge TC, Dann SM. | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.07.011 | 2018 | | |
| Enzymology | Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert C. difficile/Epi and meridian bioscience illumigene C. difficile assays for detecting Clostridium difficile ribotype 033 strains. | Androga GO, McGovern AM, Elliott B, Chang BJ, Perkins TT, Foster NF, Riley TV. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.03297-14 | 2015 | |
| Prevalence and Strain Characterization of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile in Representative Regions of Germany, Ghana, Tanzania and Indonesia - A Comparative Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study. | Seugendo M, Janssen I, Lang V, Hasibuan I, Bohne W, Cooper P, Daniel R, Gunka K, Kusumawati RL, Mshana SE, von Muller L, Okamo B, Ortlepp JR, Overmann J, Riedel T, Rupnik M, Zimmermann O, Gross U. | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01843 | 2018 | | |
| Clostridioides (Clostridium) Difficile in Food-Producing Animals, Horses and Household Pets: A Comprehensive Review. | Kachrimanidou M, Tzika E, Filioussis G. | Microorganisms | 10.3390/microorganisms7120667 | 2019 | | |
| Murine model of Clostridium difficile infection with aged gnotobiotic C57BL/6 mice and a BI/NAP1 strain. | Pawlowski SW, Calabrese G, Kolling GL, Platts-Mills J, Freire R, AlcantaraWarren C, Liu B, Sartor RB, Guerrant RL. | J Infect Dis | 10.1086/657086 | 2010 | | |
| Phylogeny | Descriptive Study of Gut Microbiota in Infected and Colonized Subjects by Clostridiodes difficile. | Sanchez-Pellicer P, Navarro-Lopez V, Gonzalez-Tamayo R, Llopis-Ruiz C, Nunez-Delegido E, Ruzafa-Costas B, Navarro-Moratalla L, Aguera-Santos J. | Microorganisms | 10.3390/microorganisms9081727 | 2021 | |
| Pathogenicity | Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of toxigenic Clostridium difficilestrains isolated in Iran | Mohammadbeigi M, Safayi Delouyi Z, Mohammadzadeh N, Alaalmohadesin A, Taheri K, Edalati E, Sedighi M, Zahedi Bialvaei A. | Turk J Med Sci | 10.3906/sag-1808-11 | 2019 | |
| Enzymology | Evaluation of a rapid membrane enzyme immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of glutamate dehydrogenase and toxin for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. | Kim H, Kim WH, Kim M, Jeong SH, Lee K. | Ann Lab Med | 10.3343/alm.2014.34.3.235 | 2014 | |
| Oral Immunization with Nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile Strains Expressing Chimeric Fragments of TcdA and TcdB Elicits Protective Immunity against C. difficile Infection in Both Mice and Hamsters. | Wang Y, Wang S, Bouillaut L, Li C, Duan Z, Zhang K, Ju X, Tzipori S, Sonenshein AL, Sun X. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00489-18 | 2018 | | |
| A novel approach to generate a recombinant toxoid vaccine against Clostridium difficile. | Donald RGK, Flint M, Kalyan N, Johnson E, Witko SE, Kotash C, Zhao P, Megati S, Yurgelonis I, Lee PK, Matsuka YV, Severina E, Deatly A, Sidhu M, Jansen KU, Minton NP, Anderson AS. | Microbiology (Reading) | 10.1099/mic.0.066712-0 | 2013 | | |
| Biochemical and Immunological Characterization of Truncated Fragments of the Receptor-Binding Domains of C. difficile Toxin A. | Huang JH, Shen ZQ, Lien SP, Hsiao KN, Leng CH, Chen CC, Siu LK, Chong PC. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0135045 | 2015 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Recombinant antigens based on toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile that evoke a potent toxin-neutralising immune response. | Maynard-Smith M, Ahern H, McGlashan J, Nugent P, Ling R, Denton H, Coxon R, Landon J, Roberts A, Shone C. | Vaccine | 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.099 | 2014 | |
| A Replicating Single-Cycle Adenovirus Vaccine Effective against Clostridium difficile. | Matchett WE, Anguiano-Zarate S, Malewana GBR, Mudrick H, Weldy M, Evert C, Khoruts A, Sadowsky M, Barry MA. | Vaccines (Basel) | 10.3390/vaccines8030470 | 2020 | | |
| Enzymology | Emergence of Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 in Korea. | Kim H, Lee Y, Moon HW, Lim CS, Lee K, Chong Y. | Korean J Lab Med | 10.3343/kjlm.2011.31.3.191 | 2011 | |
| Metabolism | Evidence that Clostridium difficile TcdC is a membrane-associated protein. | Govind R, Vediyappan G, Rolfe RD, Fralick JA. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.188.10.3716-3720.2006 | 2006 | |
| Pathogenicity | The roles of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection: insights from the gnotobiotic piglet model. | Steele J, Parry N, Tzipori S. | Gut Microbes | 10.4161/gmic.26855 | 2014 | |
| Metabolism | Kinetic evidence for the presence of putative germination receptors in Clostridium difficile spores. | Ramirez N, Liggins M, Abel-Santos E. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.00488-10 | 2010 | |
| Pathogenicity | Ceragenin CSA13 Reduces Clostridium difficile Infection in Mice by Modulating the Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolites. | Wang J, Ghali S, Xu C, Mussatto CC, Ortiz C, Lee EC, Tran DH, Jacobs JP, Lagishetty V, Faull KF, Moller T, Rossetti M, Chen X, Koon HW. | Gastroenterology | 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.026 | 2018 | |
| Genetics | Leptin receptor q223r polymorphism influences neutrophil mobilization after Clostridium difficile infection. | Jose S, Abhyankar MM, Mukherjee A, Xue J, Andersen H, Haslam DB, Madan R. | Mucosal Immunol | 10.1038/mi.2017.119 | 2018 | |
| Novel Clostridium difficile Anti-Toxin (TcdA and TcdB) Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies Demonstrate In Vitro Neutralization across a Broad Spectrum of Clinical Strains and In Vivo Potency in a Hamster Spore Challenge Model. | Qiu H, Cassan R, Johnstone D, Han X, Joyee AG, McQuoid M, Masi A, Merluza J, Hrehorak B, Reid R, Kennedy K, Tighe B, Rak C, Leonhardt M, Dupas B, Saward L, Berry JD, Nykiforuk CL. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0157970 | 2016 | | |
| Metabolism | Contribution of adenosine A(2B) receptors in Clostridium difficile intoxication and infection. | Warren CA, Li Y, Calabrese GM, Freire RS, Zaja-Milatovic S, van Opstal E, Figler RA, Linden J, Guerrant RL. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00782-12 | 2012 | |
| Pathogenicity | Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection in tuberculosis patients due to a highly rifampicin-resistant PCR ribotype 046 clone in Poland. | Obuch-Woszczatynski P, Dubiel G, Harmanus C, Kuijper E, Duda U, Wultanska D, van Belkum A, Pituch H. | Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | 10.1007/s10096-013-1845-5 | 2013 | |
| New Role for FDA-Approved Drugs in Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. | Andersson JA, Fitts EC, Kirtley ML, Ponnusamy D, Peniche AG, Dann SM, Motin VL, Chauhan S, Rosenzweig JA, Sha J, Chopra AK. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.00326-16 | 2016 | | |
| ADP-ribosylating binary toxin genes of Clostridium difficile strain CCUG 20309. | Chang SY, Song KP. | DNA Seq | 10.3109/10425170109047564 | 2001 | | |
| Development and evaluation of an ovine antibody-based platform for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. | Roberts A, McGlashan J, Al-Abdulla I, Ling R, Denton H, Green S, Coxon R, Landon J, Shone C. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.05684-11 | 2012 | | |
| Enzymology | Isolation of RNA polymerase from Clostridium difficile and characterization of glutamate dehydrogenase and rRNA gene promoters in vitro and in vivo. | Mani N, Dupuy B, Sonenshein AL. | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/jb.188.1.96-102.2006 | 2006 | |
| Enzymology | High occurrence of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clostridium difficile in the intestinal microbiota of colorectal carcinoma patients. | Fukugaiti MH, Ignacio A, Fernandes MR, Ribeiro Junior U, Nakano V, Avila-Campos MJ. | Braz J Microbiol | 10.1590/s1517-838246420140665 | 2015 | |
| Enzymology | Sensitivity of Single-Molecule Array Assays for Detection of Clostridium difficile Toxins in Comparison to Conventional Laboratory Testing Algorithms. | Banz A, Lantz A, Riou B, Foussadier A, Miller M, Davies K, Wilcox M. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.00452-18 | 2018 | |
| Pathogenicity | Loss of Microbiota-Mediated Colonization Resistance to Clostridium difficile Infection With Oral Vancomycin Compared With Metronidazole. | Lewis BB, Buffie CG, Carter RA, Leiner I, Toussaint NC, Miller LC, Gobourne A, Ling L, Pamer EG. | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jiv256 | 2015 | |
| Metabolism | Neutralization of Clostridium difficile toxin B with VHH-Fc fusions targeting the delivery and CROPs domains. | Hussack G, Ryan S, van Faassen H, Rossotti M, MacKenzie CR, Tanha J. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0208978 | 2018 | |
| Structure of the full-length Clostridium difficile toxin B. | Chen P, Lam KH, Liu Z, Mindlin FA, Chen B, Gutierrez CB, Huang L, Zhang Y, Hamza T, Feng H, Matsui T, Bowen ME, Perry K, Jin R. | Nat Struct Mol Biol | 10.1038/s41594-019-0268-0 | 2019 | | |
| Therapeutic Mechanism of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1 alpha Neutralizing Antibody (CCL3) in Clostridium difficile Infection in Mice. | Wang J, Ortiz C, Fontenot L, Mukhopadhyay R, Xie Y, Chen X, Feng H, Pothoulakis C, Koon HW. | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jiz640 | 2020 | | |
| Bacteriocins From LAB and Other Alternative Approaches for the Control of Clostridium and Clostridiodes Related Gastrointestinal Colitis. | Todorov SD, Kang HJ, Ivanova IV, Holzapfel WH. | Front Bioeng Biotechnol | 10.3389/fbioe.2020.581778 | 2020 | | |
| Mucosal Antibodies to the C Terminus of Toxin A Prevent Colonization of Clostridium difficile. | Hong HA, Hitri K, Hosseini S, Kotowicz N, Bryan D, Mawas F, Wilkinson AJ, van Broekhoven A, Kearsey J, Cutting SM. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.01060-16 | 2017 | | |
| Metabolism | Surface-layer protein A (SlpA) is a major contributor to host-cell adherence of Clostridium difficile. | Merrigan MM, Venugopal A, Roxas JL, Anwar F, Mallozzi MJ, Roxas BA, Gerding DN, Viswanathan VK, Vedantam G. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0078404 | 2013 | |
| Metabolism | Inhibition of spore germination, growth, and toxin activity of clinically relevant C. difficile strains by gut microbiota derived secondary bile acids. | Thanissery R, Winston JA, Theriot CM. | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.03.004 | 2017 | |
| Mechanisms of protection against Clostridium difficile infection by the monoclonal antitoxin antibodies actoxumab and bezlotoxumab. | Yang Z, Ramsey J, Hamza T, Zhang Y, Li S, Yfantis HG, Lee D, Hernandez LD, Seghezzi W, Furneisen JM, Davis NM, Therien AG, Feng H. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.02897-14 | 2015 | | |
| Outbreak of Murine Infection with Clostridium difficile Associated with the Administration of a Pre- and Perinatal Methyl Donor Diet. | Mau T, Eckley SS, Bergin IL, Saund K, Villano JS, Vendrov KC, Snitkin ES, Young VB, Yung R. | mSphere | 10.1128/mspheredirect.00138-19 | 2019 | | |
| Metabolism | Critical role for MyD88-mediated neutrophil recruitment during Clostridium difficile colitis. | Jarchum I, Liu M, Shi C, Equinda M, Pamer EG. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00448-12 | 2012 | |
| Phylogeny | International typing study of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile variants. | Johnson S, Sambol SP, Brazier JS, Delmee M, Avesani V, Merrigan MM, Gerding DN. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.41.4.1543-1547.2003 | 2003 | |
| Metabolism | Next-Generation Probiotics Targeting Clostridium difficile through Precursor-Directed Antimicrobial Biosynthesis. | Spinler JK, Auchtung J, Brown A, Boonma P, Oezguen N, Ross CL, Luna RA, Runge J, Versalovic J, Peniche A, Dann SM, Britton RA, Haag A, Savidge TC. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00303-17 | 2017 | |
| Metabolism | Increasing prevalence of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive isolates of Clostridium difficile in Korea: impact on laboratory diagnosis. | Kim H, Riley TV, Kim M, Kim CK, Yong D, Lee K, Chong Y, Park JW. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.01188-07 | 2008 | |
| Metabolism | Toxin profiles and resistances to macrolides and newer fluoroquinolones as epidemicity determinants of clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile from Warsaw, Poland. | Pituch H, van Leeuwen W, Maquelin K, Wultanska D, Obuch-Woszczatynski P, Nurzynska G, Kato H, Reijans M, Meisel-Mikolajczyk F, Luczak M, van Belkum A. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.00306-07 | 2007 | |
| Metabolism | Hypoxia enhances ILC3 responses through HIF-1alpha-dependent mechanism. | Fachi JL, Pral LP, Dos Santos JAC, Codo AC, de Oliveira S, Felipe JS, Zambom FFF, Camara NOS, Vieira PMMM, Colonna M, Vinolo MAR. | Mucosal Immunol | 10.1038/s41385-020-00371-6 | 2021 | |
| Phylogeny | New types of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive strains among Clostridium difficile isolates from Asia. | Rupnik M, Kato N, Grabnar M, Kato H. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.41.3.1118-1125.2003 | 2003 | |
| Acetate coordinates neutrophil and ILC3 responses against C. difficile through FFAR2. | Fachi JL, Secca C, Rodrigues PB, Mato FCP, Di Luccia B, Felipe JS, Pral LP, Rungue M, Rocha VM, Sato FT, Sampaio U, Clerici MTPS, Rodrigues HG, Camara NOS, Consonni SR, Vieira AT, Oliveira SC, Mackay CR, Layden BT, Bortoluci KR, Colonna M, Vinolo MAR. | J Exp Med | 10.1084/jem.20190489 | 2020 | | |
| Phylogeny | Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 018, a Successful Epidemic Genotype. | Baldan R, Trovato A, Bianchini V, Biancardi A, Cichero P, Mazzotti M, Nizzero P, Moro M, Ossi C, Scarpellini P, Cirillo DM. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.00533-15 | 2015 | |
| Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity locus and polymorphism in the putative negative regulator of toxin production (TcdC) among Clostridium difficile clinical isolates. | Spigaglia P, Mastrantonio P. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.40.9.3470-3475.2002 | 2002 | | |
| A low-cost paper-based synthetic biology platform for analyzing gut microbiota and host biomarkers. | Takahashi MK, Tan X, Dy AJ, Braff D, Akana RT, Furuta Y, Donghia N, Ananthakrishnan A, Collins JJ. | Nat Commun | 10.1038/s41467-018-05864-4 | 2018 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Clostridium difficile toxin CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria. | Schwan C, Stecher B, Tzivelekidis T, van Ham M, Rohde M, Hardt WD, Wehland J, Aktories K. | PLoS Pathog | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000626 | 2009 | |
| Metabolism | Sulfated glycosaminoglycans and low-density lipoprotein receptor contribute to Clostridium difficile toxin A entry into cells. | Tao L, Tian S, Zhang J, Liu Z, Robinson-McCarthy L, Miyashita SI, Breault DT, Gerhard R, Oottamasathien S, Whelan SPJ, Dong M. | Nat Microbiol | 10.1038/s41564-019-0464-z | 2019 | |
| Pathogenicity | A novel multivalent, single-domain antibody targeting TcdA and TcdB prevents fulminant Clostridium difficile infection in mice. | Yang Z, Schmidt D, Liu W, Li S, Shi L, Sheng J, Chen K, Yu H, Tremblay JM, Chen X, Piepenbrink KH, Sundberg EJ, Kelly CP, Bai G, Shoemaker CB, Feng H. | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jiu196 | 2014 | |
| Metabolism | Intestinal calcium and bile salts facilitate germination of Clostridium difficile spores. | Kochan TJ, Somers MJ, Kaiser AM, Shoshiev MS, Hagan AK, Hastie JL, Giordano NP, Smith AD, Schubert AM, Carlson PE, Hanna PC. | PLoS Pathog | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006443 | 2017 | |
| Host Immune Response to Clostridium difficile Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. | Hughes M, Qazi T, Berg A, Weinberg J, Chen X, Kelly CP, Farraye FA. | Inflamm Bowel Dis | 10.1097/mib.0000000000000696 | 2016 | | |
| A chimeric protein comprising the glucosyltransferase and cysteine proteinase domains of toxin B and the receptor binding domain of toxin A induces protective immunity against Clostridium difficile infection in mice and hamsters. | Wang YK, Yan YX, Kim HB, Ju X, Zhao S, Zhang K, Tzipori S, Sun X. | Hum Vaccin Immunother | 10.1080/21645515.2015.1052352 | 2015 | | |
| Identification of toxemia in patients with Clostridium difficile infection. | Yu H, Chen K, Wu J, Yang Z, Shi L, Barlow LL, Aronoff DM, Garey KW, Savidge TC, von Rosenvinge EC, Kelly CP, Feng H. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0124235 | 2015 | | |
| Mechanism of action and epitopes of Clostridium difficile toxin B-neutralizing antibody bezlotoxumab revealed by X-ray crystallography. | Orth P, Xiao L, Hernandez LD, Reichert P, Sheth PR, Beaumont M, Yang X, Murgolo N, Ermakov G, DiNunzio E, Racine F, Karczewski J, Secore S, Ingram RN, Mayhood T, Strickland C, Therien AG. | J Biol Chem | 10.1074/jbc.m114.560748 | 2014 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Amixicile-Based Inhibitors of the Pyruvate-Ferredoxin Oxidoreductases of Anaerobic Bacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria. | Kennedy AJ, Bruce AM, Gineste C, Ballard TE, Olekhnovich IN, Macdonald TL, Hoffman PS. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.00670-16 | 2016 | |
| Reconsidering the sporulation characteristics of hypervirulent Clostridium difficile BI/NAP1/027. | Burns DA, Heeg D, Cartman ST, Minton NP. | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0024894 | 2011 | | |
| Clostridium difficile 027/BI/NAP1 encodes a hypertoxic and antigenically variable form of TcdB. | Lanis JM, Heinlen LD, James JA, Ballard JD. | PLoS Pathog | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003523 | 2013 | | |
| Enzymology | Isolation of Toxigenic Clostridium difficile from Animal Manure and Composts Being Used as Biological Soil Amendments. | Dharmasena M, Jiang X. | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.00738-18 | 2018 | |
| Frequency of binary toxin genes among Clostridium difficile strains that do not produce large clostridial toxins. | Geric B, Johnson S, Gerding DN, Grabnar M, Rupnik M. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.41.11.5227-5232.2003 | 2003 | | |
| Enzymology | Vaccines against Clostridium difficile. | Leuzzi R, Adamo R, Scarselli M. | Hum Vaccin Immunother | 10.4161/hv.28428 | 2014 | |
| Pathogenicity | U.S.-Based National Sentinel Surveillance Study for the Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrheal Isolates and Their Susceptibility to Fidaxomicin. | Snydman DR, McDermott LA, Jacobus NV, Thorpe C, Stone S, Jenkins SG, Goldstein EJ, Patel R, Forbes BA, Mirrett S, Johnson S, Gerding DN. | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/aac.00845-15 | 2015 | |
| Profiling Humoral Immune Responses to Clostridium difficile-Specific Antigens by Protein Microarray Analysis. | Negm OH, Hamed MR, Dilnot EM, Shone CC, Marszalowska I, Lynch M, Loscher CE, Edwards LJ, Tighe PJ, Wilcox MH, Monaghan TM. | Clin Vaccine Immunol | 10.1128/cvi.00190-15 | 2015 | | |
| Antibody against TcdB, but not TcdA, prevents development of gastrointestinal and systemic Clostridium difficile disease. | Steele J, Mukherjee J, Parry N, Tzipori S. | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jis669 | 2013 | | |
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| Toxin-mediated paracellular transport of antitoxin antibodies facilitates protection against Clostridium difficile infection. | Zhang Z, Chen X, Hernandez LD, Lipari P, Flattery A, Chen SC, Kramer S, Polishook JD, Racine F, Cape H, Kelly CP, Therien AG. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.02550-14 | 2015 | | |
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| Evaluation of formalin-inactivated Clostridium difficile vaccines administered by parenteral and mucosal routes of immunization in hamsters. | Torres JF, Lyerly DM, Hill JE, Monath TP. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.63.12.4619-4627.1995 | 1995 | | |
| Clonal spread of a Clostridium difficile strain with a complete set of toxin A, toxin B, and binary toxin genes among Polish patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | Pituch H, Kreft D, Obuch-Woszczatynski P, Wultanska D, Meisel-Mikolajczyk F, Luczak M, van Belkum A. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.43.1.472-475.2005 | 2005 | | |
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| New method to generate enzymatically deficient Clostridium difficile toxin B as an antigen for immunization. | Genth H, Selzer J, Busch C, Dumbach J, Hofmann F, Aktories K, Just I. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.68.3.1094-1101.2000 | 2000 | | |
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| Metabolism | Auranofin disrupts selenium metabolism in Clostridium difficile by forming a stable Au-Se adduct. | Jackson-Rosario S, Cowart D, Myers A, Tarrien R, Levine RL, Scott RA, Self WT. | J Biol Inorg Chem | 10.1007/s00775-009-0466-z | 2009 | |
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| Metabolism | Frizzled proteins are colonic epithelial receptors for C. difficile toxin B. | Tao L, Zhang J, Meraner P, Tovaglieri A, Wu X, Gerhard R, Zhang X, Stallcup WB, Miao J, He X, Hurdle JG, Breault DT, Brass AL, Dong M. | Nature | 10.1038/nature19799 | 2016 | |
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| Neutralization of Clostridium difficile Toxin B Mediated by Engineered Lactobacilli That Produce Single-Domain Antibodies. | Andersen KK, Strokappe NM, Hultberg A, Truusalu K, Smidt I, Mikelsaar RH, Mikelsaar M, Verrips T, Hammarstrom L, Marcotte H. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00870-15 | 2016 | | |
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| Transcutaneous immunization with Clostridium difficile toxoid A induces systemic and mucosal immune responses and toxin A-neutralizing antibodies in mice. | Ghose C, Kalsy A, Sheikh A, Rollenhagen J, John M, Young J, Rollins SM, Qadri F, Calderwood SB, Kelly CP, Ryan ET. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.00127-07 | 2007 | | |
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| Metabolism | Toxin A of Clostridium difficile binds to the human carbohydrate antigens I, X, and Y. | Tucker KD, Wilkins TD. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.59.1.73-78.1991 | 1991 | |
| Monoclonal antibodies specific for Clostridium difficile toxin B and their use in immunoassays. | Muller F, Stiegler C, Hadding U. | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/jcm.30.6.1544-1550.1992 | 1992 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human colonic lamina propria cells: early loss of macrophages followed by T-cell apoptosis. | Mahida YR, Galvin A, Makh S, Hyde S, Sanfilippo L, Borriello SP, Sewell HF. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.66.11.5462-5469.1998 | 1998 | |
| Pathogenicity | Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human intestinal epithelial cells: induction of interleukin 8 production and apoptosis after cell detachment. | Mahida YR, Makh S, Hyde S, Gray T, Borriello SP. | Gut | 10.1136/gut.38.3.337 | 1996 | |
| Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. | Voth DE, Ballard JD. | Clin Microbiol Rev | 10.1128/cmr.18.2.247-263.2005 | 2005 | | |
| Metabolism | Binding kinetics of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B to intestinal brush border membranes from infant and adult hamsters. | Rolfe RD. | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.59.4.1223-1230.1991 | 1991 | |
| Akkermansia muciniphila Ameliorates Clostridioides difficile Infection in Mice by Modulating the Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolites. | Wu Z, Xu Q, Gu S, Chen Y, Lv L, Zheng B, Wang Q, Wang K, Wang S, Xia J, Yang L, Bian X, Jiang X, Zheng L, Li L | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2022.841920 | 2022 | | |
| Impact of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Metronidazole on Morphology, Motility, Biofilm Formation and Colonization of Clostridioides difficile. | Doan TH, Bernet-Camard MF, Hoys S, Janoir C, Pechine S | Antibiotics (Basel) | 10.3390/antibiotics11050624 | 2022 | | |
| Pathogenicity | A new phenothiazine derivate is active against Clostridioides difficile and shows low cytotoxicity. | Ronco T, Aragao FM, Saaby L, Christensen JB, Permin A, Williams AR, Thamsborg SM, Olsen RH | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0258207 | 2021 | |
| Pathogenicity | Murine Intrarectal Instillation of Purified Recombinant Clostridioides difficile Toxins Enables Mechanistic Studies of Pathogenesis. | Markham NO, Bloch SC, Shupe JA, Laubacher EN, Thomas AK, Kroh HK, Childress KO, Peritore-Galve FC, Washington MK, Coffey RJ, Lacy DB | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.00543-20 | 2021 | |
| Metabolism | Detection and elimination of a novel non-toxigenic Clostridioides difficile strain from the microbiota of a mouse colony. | Maslanka JR, Gu CH, Zarin I, Denny JE, Broadaway S, Fett B, Mattei LM, Walk ST, Abt MC | Gut Microbes | 10.1080/19490976.2020.1851999 | 2020 | |
| Pathogenicity | Infection With Clostridioides difficile Attenuated Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice and Involved Mesenteric Treg and Th2 Polarization. | Schmidt CJ, Wenndorf K, Ebbers M, Volzke J, Muller M, Strubing J, Kriebel K, Kneitz S, Kreikemeyer B, Muller-Hilke B | Front Immunol | 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571049 | 2020 | |
| Proteome | Impact of subinhibitory concentrations of metronidazole on proteome of Clostridioides difficile strains with different levels of susceptibility. | Doan TH, Yen-Nicolay S, Bernet-Camard MF, Martin-Verstraete I, Pechine S | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0241903 | 2020 | |
| Immunogenicity and Protection from Receptor-Binding Domains of Toxins as Potential Vaccine Candidates for Clostridium difficile. | Luo D, Liu X, Xing L, Sun Y, Huang J, Zhang L, Li J, Wang H | Vaccines (Basel) | 10.3390/vaccines7040180 | 2019 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Chemical Space Exploration around Thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one Scaffold Led to a Novel Class of Highly Active Clostridium difficile Inhibitors. | Shao X, AbdelKhalek A, Abutaleb NS, Velagapudi UK, Yoganathan S, Seleem MN, Talele TT | J Med Chem | 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01198 | 2019 | |
| Pathogenicity | Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) Neutralizers of TcdB from Clostridium difficile Ribotype 027. | Peng Z, Simeon R, Mitchell SB, Zhang J, Feng H, Chen Z | mSphere | 10.1128/mSphere.00596-19 | 2019 | |
| Pathogenicity | Toxin B Variants from Clostridium difficile Strains VPI 10463 and NAP1/027 Share Similar Substrate Profile and Cellular Intoxication Kinetics but Use Different Host Cell Entry Factors. | Lopez-Urena D, Orozco-Aguilar J, Chaves-Madrigal Y, Ramirez-Mata A, Villalobos-Jimenez A, Ost S, Quesada-Gomez C, Rodriguez C, Papatheodorou P, Chaves-Olarte E | Toxins (Basel) | 10.3390/toxins11060348 | 2019 | |
| Phylogeny | Modified Mouse Model of Clostridioides difficile Infection as a Platform for Probiotic Efficacy Studies. | De Wolfe TJ, Kates AE, Barko L, Darien BJ, Safdar N | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/AAC.00111-19 | 2019 | |
| Lactobacillus gasseri APC 678 Reduces Shedding of the Pathogen Clostridium difficile in a Murine Model. | Quigley L, Coakley M, Alemayehu D, Rea MC, Casey PG, O'Sullivan O, Murphy E, Kiely B, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00273 | 2019 | | |
| Bacteroides fragilis Prevents Clostridium difficile Infection in a Mouse Model by Restoring Gut Barrier and Microbiome Regulation. | Deng H, Yang S, Zhang Y, Qian K, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wang Y, Bai Y, Fan H, Zhao X, Zhi F | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02976 | 2018 | | |
| Protective Effect of Pediococcus pentosaceus LI05 Against Clostridium difficile Infection in a Mouse Model. | Xu Q, Gu S, Chen Y, Quan J, Lv L, Chen D, Zheng B, Xu L, Li L | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02396 | 2018 | | |
| Protection against Clostridium difficile infection in a hamster model by oral vaccination using flagellin FliC-loaded pectin beads. | Bruxelle JF, Tsapis N, Hoys S, Collignon A, Janoir C, Fattal E, Pechine S | Vaccine | 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.013 | 2018 | | |
| Pathogenicity | A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection. | Negm OH, Hamed M, Monaghan TM | J Vis Exp | 10.3791/57399 | 2018 | |
| Establishment of an Endogenous Clostridium difficile Rat Infection Model and Evaluation of the Effects of Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 Probiotic Strain. | Oka K, Osaki T, Hanawa T, Kurata S, Sugiyama E, Takahashi M, Tanaka M, Taguchi H, Kamiya S | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01264 | 2018 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Clostridium difficile Toxoid Vaccine Candidate Confers Broad Protection against a Range of Prevalent Circulating Strains in a Nonclinical Setting. | Quemeneur L, Petiot N, Arnaud-Barbe N, Hessler C, Pietrobon PJ, Londono-Hayes P | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.00742-17 | 2018 | |
| High prevalence of subclass-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins in adult cystic fibrosis sera: possible mode of immunoprotection against symptomatic C. difficile infection. | Monaghan TM, Negm OH, MacKenzie B, Hamed MR, Shone CC, Humphreys DP, Acharya KR, Wilcox MH | Clin Exp Gastroenterol | 10.2147/CEG.S133939 | 2017 | | |
| Pathogenicity | A combination of the probiotic and prebiotic product can prevent the germination of Clostridium difficile spores and infection. | Ratsep M, Koljalg S, Sepp E, Smidt I, Truusalu K, Songisepp E, Stsepetova J, Naaber P, Mikelsaar RH, Mikelsaar M | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.03.019 | 2017 | |
| Pathogenicity | Clostridium difficile-derived membrane vesicles induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and cytotoxicity in colonic epithelial cells in vitro. | Nicholas A, Jeon H, Selasi GN, Na SH, Kwon HI, Kim YJ, Choi CW, Kim SI, Lee JC | Microb Pathog | 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.006 | 2017 | |
| Pathogenicity | Toxin-positive Clostridium difficile latently infect mouse colonies and protect against highly pathogenic C. difficile. | Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B, Adekunle O, Mattei LM, Bushman FD, Gewirtz AT | Gut | 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313510 | 2017 | |
| Pathogenicity | Development of a Novel Vaccine Containing Binary Toxin for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile Disease with Enhanced Efficacy against NAP1 Strains. | Secore S, Wang S, Doughtry J, Xie J, Miezeiewski M, Rustandi RR, Horton M, Xoconostle R, Wang B, Lancaster C, Kristopeit A, Wang SC, Christanti S, Vitelli S, Gentile MP, Goerke A, Skinner J, Strable E, Thiriot DS, Bodmer JL, Heinrichs JH | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0170640 | 2017 | |
| Traditional Chinese Medicine QPYF as Preventive Treatment for Clostridium difficile Associated Diarrhea in a Mouse Model. | Ya-Nan G, Jun W, Hao-Jun Z, Hong-Bing J, Ping L, Xin-Zhu L | Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | 10.1155/2016/3759819 | 2016 | | |
| Metabolism | Probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 prevents outbreak-associated Clostridium difficile-associated cecal inflammation in hamsters. | Koon HW, Su B, Xu C, Mussatto CC, Tran DH, Lee EC, Ortiz C, Wang J, Lee JE, Ho S, Chen X, Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C | Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol | 10.1152/ajpgi.00150.2016 | 2016 | |
| The efficacy of thuricin CD, tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin and nitazoxanide, independently and in paired combinations against Clostridium difficile biofilms and planktonic cells. | Mathur H, Rea MC, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP | Gut Pathog | 10.1186/s13099-016-0102-8 | 2016 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Effect of oligosaccharides on the adhesion of gut bacteria to human HT-29 cells. | Altamimi M, Abdelhay O, Rastall RA | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.03.010 | 2016 | |
| Pathogenicity | Vancomycin Treatment Alters Humoral Immunity and Intestinal Microbiota in an Aged Mouse Model of Clostridium difficile Infection. | van Opstal E, Kolling GL, Moore JH 2nd, Coquery CM, Wade NS, Loo WM, Bolick DT, Shin JH, Erickson LD, Warren CA | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jiw071 | 2016 | |
| Pathogenicity | Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection using SQ641, a capuramycin analogue, increases post-treatment survival and improves clinical measures of disease in a murine model. | Moore JH 2nd, van Opstal E, Kolling GL, Shin JH, Bogatcheva E, Nikonenko B, Einck L, Phipps AJ, Guerrant RL, Protopopova M, Warren CA | J Antimicrob Chemother | 10.1093/jac/dkv479 | 2016 | |
| Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in mice with vancomycin alone is as effective as treatment with vancomycin and metronidazole in combination. | Erikstrup LT, Aarup M, Hagemann-Madsen R, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Kristensen B, Olsen KE, Fuursted K | BMJ Open Gastroenterol | 10.1136/bmjgast-2015-000038 | 2015 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Memory B Cells Encode Neutralizing Antibody Specific for Toxin B from the Clostridium difficile Strains VPI 10463 and NAP1/BI/027 but with Superior Neutralization of VPI 10463 Toxin B. | Devera TS, Lang GA, Lanis JM, Rampuria P, Gilmore CL, James JA, Ballard JD, Lang ML | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.00011-15 | 2015 | |
| Pathogenicity | Interleukin-23 (IL-23), independent of IL-17 and IL-22, drives neutrophil recruitment and innate inflammation during Clostridium difficile colitis in mice. | McDermott AJ, Falkowski NR, McDonald RA, Pandit CR, Young VB, Huffnagle GB | Immunology | 10.1111/imm.12545 | 2015 | |
| Pathogenicity | Defined Nutrient Diets Alter Susceptibility to Clostridium difficile Associated Disease in a Murine Model. | Moore JH, Pinheiro CC, Zaenker EI, Bolick DT, Kolling GL, van Opstal E, Noronha FJ, De Medeiros PH, Rodriguez RS, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, Warren CA | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0131829 | 2015 | |
| Metabolism | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as prophylactic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated disease in a mouse model. | Geeraerts S, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Van Immerseel F | J Gastroenterol Hepatol | 10.1111/jgh.12957 | 2015 | |
| Metabolism | Dynamics and establishment of Clostridium difficile infection in the murine gastrointestinal tract. | Koenigsknecht MJ, Theriot CM, Bergin IL, Schumacher CA, Schloss PD, Young VB | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.02768-14 | 2014 | |
| Metabolism | Clostridium difficile infection aggravates colitis in interleukin 10-deficient mice. | Kim MN, Koh SJ, Kim JM, Im JP, Jung HC, Kim JS | World J Gastroenterol | 10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.17084 | 2014 | |
| Metabolism | The role of Gr-1(+) cells and tumour necrosis factor-alpha signalling during Clostridium difficile colitis in mice. | McDermott AJ, Higdon KE, Muraglia R, Erb-Downward JR, Falkowski NR, McDonald RA, Young VB, Huffnagle GB | Immunology | 10.1111/imm.12425 | 2015 | |
| Pathogenicity | Persistence and toxin production by Clostridium difficile within human intestinal organoids result in disruption of epithelial paracellular barrier function. | Leslie JL, Huang S, Opp JS, Nagy MS, Kobayashi M, Young VB, Spence JR | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.02561-14 | 2014 | |
| Metabolism | Clostridium difficile-induced colitis in mice is independent of leukotrienes. | Trindade BC, Theriot CM, Leslie JL, Carlson PE Jr, Bergin IL, Peters-Golden M, Young VB, Aronoff DM | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.09.006 | 2014 | |
| Phylogeny | An in vitro culture model to study the dynamics of colonic microbiota in Syrian golden hamsters and their susceptibility to infection with Clostridium difficile. | Miezeiewski M, Schnaufer T, Muravsky M, Wang S, Caro-Aguilar I, Secore S, Thiriot DS, Hsu C, Rogers I, DeSantis T, Kuczynski J, Probst AJ, Chehoud C, Steger R, Warrington J, Bodmer JL, Heinrichs JH | ISME J | 10.1038/ismej.2014.127 | 2014 | |
| Pathogenicity | An optimized, synthetic DNA vaccine encoding the toxin A and toxin B receptor binding domains of Clostridium difficile induces protective antibody responses in vivo. | Baliban SM, Michael A, Shammassian B, Mudakha S, Khan AS, Cocklin S, Zentner I, Latimer BP, Bouillaut L, Hunter M, Marx P, Sardesai NY, Welles SL, Jacobson JM, Weiner DB, Kutzler MA | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.01950-14 | 2014 | |
| Metabolism | Haemorrhagic toxin and lethal toxin from Clostridium sordellii strain vpi9048: molecular characterization and comparative analysis of substrate specificity of the large clostridial glucosylating toxins. | Genth H, Pauillac S, Schelle I, Bouvet P, Bouchier C, Varela-Chavez C, Just I, Popoff MR | Cell Microbiol | 10.1111/cmi.12321 | 2014 | |
| Pathogenicity | Alteration of the murine gastrointestinal microbiota by tigecycline leads to increased susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection. | Bassis CM, Theriot CM, Young VB | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/AAC.02262-13 | 2014 | |
| Metabolism | Spore formation and toxin production in Clostridium difficile biofilms. | Semenyuk EG, Laning ML, Foley J, Johnston PF, Knight KL, Gerding DN, Driks A | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0087757 | 2014 | |
| Pathogenicity | In vitro selection, via serial passage, of Clostridium difficile mutants with reduced susceptibility to fidaxomicin or vancomycin. | Leeds JA, Sachdeva M, Mullin S, Barnes SW, Ruzin A | J Antimicrob Chemother | 10.1093/jac/dkt302 | 2013 | |
| Phylogeny | A unique strain of community-acquired Clostridium difficile in severe complicated infection and death of a young adult. | Heslop OD, Roye-Green K, Coard K, Mulvey MR | BMC Infect Dis | 10.1186/1471-2334-13-299 | 2013 | |
| Pathogenicity | Toll-like receptor 5-dependent immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant fusion protein vaccine containing the nontoxic domains of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium flagellin in a mouse model of Clostridium difficile disease. | Ghose C, Verhagen JM, Chen X, Yu J, Huang Y, Chenesseau O, Kelly CP, Ho DD | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.01074-12 | 2013 | |
| Pathogenicity | Intestinal epithelial restitution after TcdB challenge and recovery from Clostridium difficile infection in mice with alanyl-glutamine treatment. | Rodrigues RS, Oliveira RA, Li Y, Zaja-Milatovic S, Costa LB, Braga Neto MB, Kolling GL, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, Warren CA | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jit041 | 2013 | |
| Pathogenicity | Difference in F-actin depolymerization induced by toxin B from the Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463 and toxin B from the variant Clostridium difficile serotype F strain 1470. | May M, Wang T, Muller M, Genth H | Toxins (Basel) | 10.3390/toxins5010106 | 2013 | |
| Metabolism | Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces recurrence and mortality from Clostridium difficile infection in mice following vancomycin treatment. | Li Y, Figler RA, Kolling G, Bracken TC, Rieger J, Stevenson RW, Linden J, Guerrant RL, Warren CA | BMC Infect Dis | 10.1186/1471-2334-12-342 | 2012 | |
| Pathogenicity | Vancomycin treatment's association with delayed intestinal tissue injury, clostridial overgrowth, and recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection in mice. | Warren CA, van Opstal EJ, Riggins MS, Li Y, Moore JH, Kolling GL, Guerrant RL, Hoffman PS | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/AAC.00877-12 | 2012 | |
| Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 limits the recurrence of Clostridium difficile-Induced colitis following vancomycin withdrawal in mice. | Fitzpatrick LR, Small JS, Greene WH, Karpa KD, Farmer S, Keller D | Gut Pathog | 10.1186/1757-4749-4-13 | 2012 | | |
| Phylogeny | Suppression of Clostridium difficile in the gastrointestinal tracts of germfree mice inoculated with a murine isolate from the family Lachnospiraceae. | Reeves AE, Koenigsknecht MJ, Bergin IL, Young VB | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.00647-12 | 2012 | |
| Pathogenicity | Induction of cytokines in a macrophage cell line by proteins of Clostridium difficile. | Vohra P, Poxton IR | FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol | 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.00952.x | 2012 | |
| Metabolism | Cefoperazone-treated mice as an experimental platform to assess differential virulence of Clostridium difficile strains. | Theriot CM, Koumpouras CC, Carlson PE, Bergin II, Aronoff DM, Young VB | Gut Microbes | 10.4161/gmic.19142 | 2011 | |
| Bacillus Coagulans GBI-30 (BC30) improves indices of Clostridium difficile-Induced colitis in mice. | Fitzpatrick LR, Small JS, Greene WH, Karpa KD, Keller D | Gut Pathog | 10.1186/1757-4749-3-16 | 2011 | | |
| Transcriptome | Profound alterations of intestinal microbiota following a single dose of clindamycin results in sustained susceptibility to Clostridium difficile-induced colitis. | Buffie CG, Jarchum I, Equinda M, Lipuma L, Gobourne A, Viale A, Ubeda C, Xavier J, Pamer EG | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.05496-11 | 2011 | |
| Pathogenicity | The interplay between microbiome dynamics and pathogen dynamics in a murine model of Clostridium difficile Infection. | Reeves AE, Theriot CM, Bergin IL, Huffnagle GB, Schloss PD, Young VB | Gut Microbes | 10.4161/gmic.2.3.16333 | 2011 | |
| Pathogenicity | Efficacy of decontaminants and disinfectants against Clostridium difficile. | Vohra P, Poxton IR | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/jmm.0.030288-0 | 2011 | |
| Pathogenicity | Activity of RBx 11760, a novel biaryl oxazolidinone, against Clostridium difficile. | Mathur T, Kumar M, Barman TK, Kumar GR, Kalia V, Singhal S, Raj VS, Upadhyay DJ, Das B, Bhatnagar PK | J Antimicrob Chemother | 10.1093/jac/dkr033 | 2011 | |
| Metabolism | Killing kinetics of fidaxomicin and its major metabolite, OP-1118, against Clostridium difficile. | Babakhani F, Gomez A, Robert N, Sears P | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/jmm.0.029470-0 | 2011 | |
| Metabolism | Human hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains exhibit increased sporulation as well as robust toxin production. | Merrigan M, Venugopal A, Mallozzi M, Roxas B, Viswanathan VK, Johnson S, Gerding DN, Vedantam G | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/JB.00445-10 | 2010 | |
| Phylogeny | Clostridium difficile toxinotyping. | Rupnik M | Methods Mol Biol | 10.1007/978-1-60327-365-7_5 | 2010 | |
| Pathogenicity | Truncation in the tcdC region of the Clostridium difficile PathLoc of clinical isolates does not predict increased biological activity of Toxin B or Toxin A. | Murray R, Boyd D, Levett PN, Mulvey MR, Alfa MJ | BMC Infect Dis | 10.1186/1471-2334-9-103 | 2009 | |
| Metabolism | Induction of toxins in Clostridium difficile is associated with dramatic changes of its metabolism. | Karlsson S, Burman LG, Akerlund T | Microbiology (Reading) | 10.1099/mic.0.2008/019778-0 | 2008 | |
| Genetics | Comparative analysis of BI/NAP1/027 hypervirulent strains reveals novel toxin B-encoding gene (tcdB) sequences. | Stabler RA, Dawson LF, Phua LTH, Wren BW | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/jmm.0.47743-0 | 2008 | |
| Metabolism | Heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: importance of Clostridium difficile toxinotypes. | Rupnik M | FEMS Microbiol Rev | 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00110.x | 2008 | |
| Pathogenicity | Comparative efficacies of rifaximin and vancomycin for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and prevention of disease recurrence in hamsters. | Kokkotou E, Moss AC, Michos A, Espinoza D, Cloud JW, Mustafa N, O'Brien M, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/AAC.01143-07 | 2008 | |
| Metabolism | Difference in the cytotoxic effects of toxin B from Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463 and toxin B from variant Clostridium difficile strain 1470. | Huelsenbeck J, Dreger S, Gerhard R, Barth H, Just I, Genth H | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.01705-06 | 2006 | |
| Binary toxin producing Clostridium difficile strains. | Rupnik M, Grabnar M, Geric B | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2003.09.002 | 2003 | | |
| Phylogeny | Co-infection of hamsters with toxin A or toxin B-deficient Clostridium difficile strains. | Szczesny A, Martirosian G, Cohen S, Silva J Jr | Pol J Microbiol | 2005 | | |
| Enzymology | LuxS/autoinducer-2 quorum sensing molecule regulates transcriptional virulence gene expression in Clostridium difficile. | Lee AS, Song KP | Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.131 | 2005 | |
| Enzymology | Simplified purification method for Clostridium difficile toxin A. | Fu SW, Xue J, Zhang YL, Zhou DY | World J Gastroenterol | 10.3748/wjg.v10.i18.2756 | 2004 | |
| Pathogenicity | Immunological detection and cytotoxic properties of toxins from toxin A-positive, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile variants. | Blake JE, Mitsikosta F, Metcalfe MA | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/jmm.0.05404-0 | 2004 | |
| Metabolism | Expression of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B and their sigma factor TcdD is controlled by temperature. | Karlsson S, Dupuy B, Mukherjee K, Norin E, Burman LG, Akerlund T | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.71.4.1784-1793.2003 | 2003 | |
| Metabolism | Proteins released during high toxin production in Clostridium difficile. | Mukherjee K, Karlsson S, Burman LG, Akerlund T | Microbiology (Reading) | 10.1099/00221287-148-7-2245 | 2002 | |
| Pathogenicity | How to detect Clostridium difficile variant strains in a routine laboratory. | Rupnik M | Clin Microbiol Infect | 10.1046/j.1198-743x.2001.00290.x | 2001 | |
| Metabolism | Toxins, butyric acid, and other short-chain fatty acids are coordinately expressed and down-regulated by cysteine in Clostridium difficile. | Karlsson S, Lindberg A, Norin E, Burman LG, Akerlund T | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.68.10.5881-5888.2000 | 2000 | |
| Pathogenicity | Toxin gene analysis of a variant strain of Clostridium difficile that causes human clinical disease. | Sambol SP, Merrigan MM, Lyerly D, Gerding DN, Johnson S | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.68.10.5480-5487.2000 | 2000 | |
| Pathogenicity | Genetic characterization of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile isolates by PCR. | Moncrief JS, Zheng L, Neville LM, Lyerly DM | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/JCM.38.8.3072-3075.2000 | 2000 | |
| Pathogenicity | A nonsense mutation abrogates production of a functional enterotoxin A in Clostridium difficile toxinotype VIII strains of serogroups F and X. | von Eichel-Streiber C, Zec-Pirnat I, Grabnar M, Rupnik M | FEMS Microbiol Lett | 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13773.x | 1999 | |
| Metabolism | Suppression of toxin production in Clostridium difficile VPI 10463 by amino acids. | Karlsson S, Burman LG, Akerlund T | Microbiology (Reading) | 10.1099/13500872-145-7-1683 | 1999 | |
| Metabolism | Detection and transcription of toxin DNA in a nontoxigenic strain of Clostridium difficile. | Mathis JN, Pilkinton L, McMillin DE | Curr Microbiol | 10.1007/pl00006811 | 1999 | |
| Pathogenicity | Laboratory diagnosis of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction: presence of toxin genes and their stable expression in toxigenic isolates from Japanese individuals. | Karasawa T, Nojiri T, Hayashi Y, Maegawa T, Yamakawa K, Wang XM, Nakamura S | J Gastroenterol | 10.1007/s005350050214 | 1999 | |
| Pathogenicity | Effect of isoleucine on toxin production by Clostridium difficile in a defined medium. | Ikeda D, Karasawa T, Yamakawa K, Tanaka R, Namiki M, Nakamura S | Zentralbl Bakteriol | 10.1016/s0934-8840(98)80174-6 | 1998 | |
| Pathogenicity | Transcription analysis of the genes tcdA-E of the pathogenicity locus of Clostridium difficile. | Hundsberger T, Braun V, Weidmann M, Leukel P, Sauerborn M, von Eichel-Streiber C | Eur J Biochem | 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-1-00735.x | 1997 | |
| Enzymology | Transcriptional analysis of the toxigenic element of Clostridium difficile. | Hammond GA, Lyerly DM, Johnson JL | Microb Pathog | 10.1006/mpat.1996.0100 | 1997 | |
| Pathogenicity | Positive regulation of Clostridium difficile toxins. | Moncrief JS, Barroso LA, Wilkins TD | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.65.3.1105-1108.1997 | 1997 | |
| Pathogenicity | Definition of the single integration site of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile. | Braun V, Hundsberger T, Leukel P, Sauerborn M, von Eichel-Streiber C | Gene | 10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00398-8 | 1996 | |
| Pathogenicity | Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on fever and neutrophilia induced by Clostridium difficile toxin B. | Cardoso RA, Filho AA, Melo MC, Lyerly DM, Wilkins TD, Lima AA, Ribeiro RA, Souza GE | Mediators Inflamm | 10.1155/S0962935196000245 | 1996 | |
| Enzymology | The toxigenic element of Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463. | Hammond GA, Johnson JL | Microb Pathog | 10.1016/s0882-4010(95)90263-5 | 1995 | |
| Pathogenicity | Closing in on the toxic domain through analysis of a variant Clostridium difficile cytotoxin B. | von Eichel-Streiber C, Meyer zu Heringdorf D, Habermann E, Sartingen S | Mol Microbiol | 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_17020313.x | 1995 | |
| Metabolism | Enhanced fermentation of mannitol and release of cytotoxin by Clostridium difficile in alkaline culture media. | Kazamias MT, Sperry JF | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.61.6.2425-2427.1995 | 1995 | |
| Stress | [Study of the thermoresistance of Clostridium difficile spores]. | Meisel-Mikolajczyk F, Kaliszuk-Kaminska E, Martirosian G | Med Dosw Mikrobiol | 1995 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Toxin production by Clostridium difficile in a defined medium with limited amino acids. | Yamakawa K, Kamiya S, Meng XQ, Karasawa T, Nakamura S | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/00222615-41-5-319 | 1994 | |
| Pathogenicity | Haemagglutination activity of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile. | Meng XQ, Yamakawa K, Ogura H, Nakamura S | FEMS Microbiol Lett | 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06816.x | 1994 | |
| Pathogenicity | Serogroup F strains of Clostridium difficile produce toxin B but not toxin A. | Depitre C, Delmee M, Avesani V, L'Haridon R, Roels A, Popoff M, Corthier G | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/00222615-38-6-434 | 1993 | |
| Metabolism | Comparative sequence analysis of the Clostridium difficile toxins A and B. | von Eichel-Streiber C, Laufenberg-Feldmann R, Sartingen S, Schulze J, Sauerborn M | Mol Gen Genet | 10.1007/BF00587587 | 1992 | |
| Enzymology | Proteolytic activity of Clostridium difficile. | Seddon SV, Borriello SP | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/00222615-36-5-307 | 1992 | |
| Pathogenicity | Cytokine response by human monocytes to Clostridium difficile toxin A and toxin B. | Flegel WA, Muller F, Daubener W, Fischer HG, Hadding U, Northoff H | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.59.10.3659-3666.1991 | 1991 | |
| Pathogenicity | Molecular characterization of the Clostridium difficile toxin A gene. | Dove CH, Wang SZ, Price SB, Phelps CJ, Lyerly DM, Wilkins TD, Johnson JL | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.58.2.480-488.1990 | 1990 | |
| Pathogenicity | Evolution of the caecal epithelial barrier during Clostridium difficile infection in the mouse. | Heyman M, Corthier G, Lucas F, Meslin JC, Desjeux JF | Gut | 10.1136/gut.30.8.1087 | 1989 | |
| Enzymology | Cloning and characterization of overlapping DNA fragments of the toxin A gene of clostridium difficile. | von Eichel-Streiber C, Suckau D, Wachter M, Hadding U | J Gen Microbiol | 10.1099/00221287-135-1-55 | 1989 | |
| Pathogenicity | Clostridium difficile toxins A and B inhibit human immune response in vitro. | Daubener W, Leiser E, von Eichel-Streiber C, Hadding U | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.56.5.1107-1112.1988 | 1988 | |
| Enzymology | Purification of two high molecular weight toxins of Clostridium difficile which are antigenically related. | von Eichel-Streiber C, Harperath U, Bosse D, Hadding U | Microb Pathog | 10.1016/0882-4010(87)90073-8 | 1987 | |
| Pathogenicity | Differential cytotoxic effects of toxins A and B isolated from Clostridium difficile. | Rothman SW, Brown JE, Diecidue A, Foret DA | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.46.2.324-331.1984 | 1984 | |
| Metabolism | Receptor Binding Domains of TcdB from Clostridioides difficile for Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan-4 and Frizzled Proteins Are Functionally Independent and Additive. | Henkel D, Tatge H, Schottelndreier D, Tao L, Dong M, Gerhard R | Toxins (Basel) | 10.3390/toxins12120736 | 2020 | |
| Pathogenicity | Effect of antibiotic to induce Clostridioides difficile-susceptibility and infectious strain in a mouse model of Clostridioides difficile infection and recurrence. | Castro-Cordova P, Diaz-Yanez F, Munoz-Miralles J, Gil F, Paredes-Sabja D | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102149 | 2020 | |
| Pathogenicity | Phenotypic characterisation of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 251, an emerging multi-locus sequence type clade 2 strain in Australia. | Hong S, Knight DR, Chang B, Carman RJ, Riley TV | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.06.019 | 2019 | |
| The Conserved Cys-2232 in Clostridioides difficile Toxin B Modulates Receptor Binding. | Chung SY, Schottelndreier D, Tatge H, Fuhner V, Hust M, Beer LA, Gerhard R | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02314 | 2018 | | |
| Pathogenicity | Prevention of Clostridium difficile spore formation by sub-inhibitory concentrations of tigecycline and piperacillin/tazobactam. | Garneau JR, Valiquette L, Fortier LC | BMC Infect Dis | 10.1186/1471-2334-14-29 | 2014 | |
| Pathogenicity | Fidaxomicin inhibits toxin production in Clostridium difficile. | Babakhani F, Bouillaut L, Sears P, Sims C, Gomez A, Sonenshein AL | J Antimicrob Chemother | 10.1093/jac/dks450 | 2012 | |
| The impact of dietary fibers on Clostridioides difficile infection in a mouse model. | Wu Z, Xu Q, Wang Q, Chen Y, Lv L, Zheng B, Yan R, Jiang H, Shen J, Wang S, Wang K, Xia J, Han S, Li L | Front Cell Infect Microbiol | 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1028267 | 2022 | | |
| Metabolism | Role of Pannexin-1-P2X7R signaling on cell death and pro-inflammatory mediator expression induced by Clostridioides difficile toxins in enteric glia. | Loureiro AV, Moura-Neto LI, Martins CS, Silva PIM, Lopes MBS, Leitao RFC, Coelho-Aguiar JM, Moura-Neto V, Warren CA, Costa DVS, Brito GAC | Front Immunol | 10.3389/fimmu.2022.956340 | 2022 | |
| Efficacy of Omadacycline or Vancomycin Combined with Germinants for Preventing Clostridioides difficile Relapse in a Murine Model. | Budi ND, Godfrey JJ, Safdar N, Shukla SK, Rose WE | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jiac324 | 2022 | | |
| Genetics | Peptostreptococcus faecalis sp. nov., new bacterial species isolated from healthy indigenous congolese volunteer. | Mekhalif F, Zgheib R, Akiana J, Bilen M, Ndombe GM, Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Raoult D, Alibar S, Mediannikov O, Lo CI. | Heliyon | 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09102 | 2022 | |
How to citeIf you want to cite this particular strain cite the following doi:
https://doi.org/10.13145/bacdive137139.20251217.10
When using BacDive for research please cite the following paper
BacDive in 2025: the core database for prokaryotic strain data
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