Porphyromonas levii (DSM 23370, ATCC 29147, CCUG 34320)

Name: Porphyromonas levii (DSM 23370, ATCC 29147, CCUG 34320)
Creator: BacDive
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

BacDive ID 12508

Type strain

Strain Designation LEV

Culture col. no. DSM 23370 ATCC 29147 CCUG 34320 JCM 13866 NCTC 11028 6 more

NCBI tax ID(s) 1122973 28114

Special Collections DSMZ CCUG JCM

History <- CCUG; CCUG 34320 <- R. J. Owen, NCTC; NCTC 11028 <- M. Lev, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; New York; CCUG 34320 <-- NCTC 11028 <-- M. Lev strain LEV 1.

Links

Porphyromonas levii LEV is an anaerobe human pathogen that was isolated from bovine rumen.

anaerobe human pathogen genome sequence 16S sequence Bacteria

Name and taxonomic classification

SI-ID 40353

ATCC 29147,CCUG 21027,CCUG 34320,NCTC 11028,HAMBI 467,ACM 5042,JCM 13866,DSM 23370

@ref 20215

Last LPSN update 2026-02-09 11:20:51

Domain Bacteria

Phylum Bacteroidota

Class Bacteroidia

Order Bacteroidales

Family Porphyromonadaceae

Genus Porphyromonas

Species Porphyromonas levii

Full scientific name Porphyromonas levii (Johnson and Holdeman 1983 ex Holdeman et al. 1977) Shah et al. 1995

Synonyms (1)

Bacteroides levii

Morphology

Cell morphology

@ref	Gram stain	Confidence
125438	negative	93.933
125439	negative	97.8

Colony morphology

@ref	Type of hemolysis	Incubation period
16711	gamma	1-2 days

Culture and growth conditions

Culture medium

@ref	Name	Growth	Medium link	Composition
16711	COLUMBIA BLOOD MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 693)		Medium recipe at MediaDive	Name: COLUMBIA BLOOD MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 693) Composition: Defibrinated sheep blood 50.0 g/l Columbia agar base
16711	CHOPPED MEAT MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 78)		Medium recipe at MediaDive	Name: CHOPPED MEAT MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 78; with strain-specific modifications) Composition: Ground beef 500.0 g/l Casitone 30.0 g/l Agar 15.0 g/l Ethanol 9.5 g/l (optional) Yeast extract 5.0 g/l K2HPO4 5.0 g/l L-Cysteine HCl 0.5 g/l Haemin 0.005 g/l Resazurin 0.001 g/l Vitamin K3 0.0005 g/l (optional) Vitamin K1 (optional) NaOH (optional) Distilled water

Culture temp

@ref	Growth	Type	Temperature (°C)
16711	positive	growth	37
67770	positive	growth	37

Physiology and metabolism

Oxygen tolerance

@ref	Oxygen tolerance	Confidence
16711	anaerobe
125438	anaerobe	91.834
125439	anaerobe	97.1

Spore formation

@ref	Spore formation	Confidence
125438		94.104
125439		98.8

Metabolite utilization

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Utilization activity	Kind of utilization tested
68380	29016 ChEBI	arginine	-	hydrolysis	from API rID32A
68367	17057 ChEBI	cellobiose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68367	17634 ChEBI	D-glucose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68367	16899 ChEBI	D-mannitol	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68380	16024 ChEBI	D-mannose	-	fermentation	from API rID32A
68367	16024 ChEBI	D-mannose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68367	65327 ChEBI	D-xylose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68367	4853 ChEBI	esculin	-	hydrolysis	from API 20A
68367	5291 ChEBI	gelatin	+	hydrolysis	from API 20A
68367	17754 ChEBI	glycerol	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68367	30849 ChEBI	L-arabinose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68380	29985 ChEBI	L-glutamate	-	degradation	from API rID32A
68367	62345 ChEBI	L-rhamnose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68367	17716 ChEBI	lactose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68367	17306 ChEBI	maltose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68367	6731 ChEBI	melezitose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68380	17632 ChEBI	nitrate	-	reduction	from API rID32A
68380	16634 ChEBI	raffinose	-	fermentation	from API rID32A
68367	16634 ChEBI	raffinose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68367	17814 ChEBI	salicin	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68367	30911 ChEBI	sorbitol	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68367	17992 ChEBI	sucrose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68367	27082 ChEBI	trehalose	-	builds acid from	from API 20A
68380	27897 ChEBI	tryptophan	-	energy source	from API rID32A
68380	16199 ChEBI	urea	-	hydrolysis	from API rID32A
68367	16199 ChEBI	urea	-	hydrolysis	from API 20A

Metabolite production

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Production
68380	35581 ChEBI	indole		from API rID32A

Metabolite tests

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Indole test
68380	35581 ChEBI	indole	-	from API rID32A

Enzymes

@ref	Value	Activity	Ec
68380	alanine arylamidase	+	3.4.11.2	from API rID32A
68380	alkaline phosphatase	+	3.1.3.1	from API rID32A
68380	alpha-arabinosidase	-	3.2.1.55	from API rID32A
68380	alpha-fucosidase	-	3.2.1.51	from API rID32A
68380	alpha-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.22	from API rID32A
68380	alpha-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.20	from API rID32A
68380	arginine dihydrolase	-	3.5.3.6	from API rID32A
68380	beta-galactosidase	+	3.2.1.23	from API rID32A
68380	beta-Galactosidase 6-phosphate	-		from API rID32A
68380	beta-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.21	from API rID32A
68367	beta-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.21	from API 20A
68380	beta-glucuronidase	-	3.2.1.31	from API rID32A
16711	catalase	-	1.11.1.6
16711	cytochrome-c oxidase	-	1.9.3.1
68367	gelatinase	+		from API 20A
68380	glutamate decarboxylase	-	4.1.1.15	from API rID32A
68380	glutamyl-glutamate arylamidase	+		from API rID32A
68380	histidine arylamidase	-		from API rID32A
68380	L-arginine arylamidase	-		from API rID32A
68380	leucine arylamidase	-	3.4.11.1	from API rID32A
68380	leucyl glycin arylamidase	+	3.4.11.1	from API rID32A
68380	pyrrolidonyl arylamidase	-	3.4.19.3	from API rID32A
68380	serine arylamidase	-		from API rID32A
68380	tryptophan deaminase	-	4.1.99.1	from API rID32A
68380	urease	-	3.5.1.5	from API rID32A
68367	urease	-	3.5.1.5	from API 20A

API 20A

@ref	IND	URE	GLU	MAN	LAC	SAC	MAL	SAL	XYL	ARA	GEL	ESC	GLY	CEL	MNE	MLZ	RAF	SOR	RHA	TRE	CAT	Spores presentSPOR	GramGRAM	Morphology coccus="+" rod="-"COCC
16711	not determinedn.d.	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.

API rID32A

@ref	URE	ADH (Arg)	alpha GAL	beta GAL	beta-Galactosidase 6-phosphatebeta GP	alpha GLU	beta GLU	alpha ARA	beta GUR	beta-N-Acetyl-beta-glucosaminidasebeta NAG	MNE	RAF	GDC	alpha FUC	Reduction of nitrateNIT	IND	PAL	L-arginine arylamidaseArgA	ProA	LGA	Phenylalanine arylamidasePheA	Leucine arylamidaseLeuA	PyrA	Tyrosine arylamidaseTyrA	Alanine arylamidaseAlaA	Glycin arylamidaseGlyA	Histidine arylamidaseHisA	Glutamyl-glutamate arylamidaseGGA	Serine arylamidaseSerA
16711	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+/-	+	+/-	-	-	+/-	+	+/-	-	+	-
16711	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-

Isolation, sampling and environmental information

Isolation source categories

Cat1	Cat2	Cat3
#Host	#Mammals	#Bovinae (Cow, Cattle)
#Host Body-Site	#Organ	#Rumen

Isolation

@ref	Sample type
16711	bovine rumen
67770	Bovine rumen

Taxonmaps

69479

Global distribution of 16S sequence FJ792536 (>99% sequence identity) for Porphyromonas levii subclade from Microbeatlas

Aquatic Samples	607
Soil Samples	894
Animal Samples	6931
Plant Samples	148
Total Samples	8580

Interaction and safety

Risk assessment

@ref	Pathogenicity human	Pathogenicity animal	Biosafety level	Biosafety level comment
16711			2	Risk group (German classification) According to TRBA 466

Sequence information

Genome sequences

@ref	Description	Assembly level	INSDC accession	BV-BRC accession	IMG accession	NCBI tax ID	Score
67770	ASM37992v1 assembly for Porphyromonas levii DSM 23370	scaffold	GCA_000379925	1122973.3	2515154110	1122973	53.69

16S sequences

@ref	Description	Accession	Length	NCBI tax ID
20218	Porphyromonas levii gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strain: JCM 13866	AB547664	1495	1122973
20218	Porphyromonas levii strain ATCC 29147 16S-23S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer, partial sequence	AY546480	852	1122973
20218	Porphyromonas levii strain ATCC 29147 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence	FJ792536	1375	1122973
16711	Porphyromonas levii ATCC 29147 16S ribosomal RNA gene, complete sequence	L16493	1476	28114

GC content

@ref	GC-content (mol%)	Method
16711	46
16711	45.7	sequence analysis
67770	45-46	thermal denaturation, midpoint method (Tm)
67770	46-48

Genome-based predictions

Predictions

Predictions from Deep Learning for Genome Sequence Data. R package version 0.3.1 based on: Porphyromonas levii DSM 23370
NCBI: GCA_000379925

@ref	Trait	Model	Prediction	Confidence in %	In training data
125439	oxygen_tolerance	BacteriaNetⓘ	anaerobe	97.10	no
125439	gram_stain	BacteriaNetⓘ	negative	97.80	no
125439	motility	BacteriaNetⓘ	no	80.00	no
125439	spore_formation	BacteriaNetⓘ	no	98.80	no

Predictions from bacterial phenotypic traits through improved machine learning using high-quality, curated datasets based on: Porphyromonas levii DSM 23370
PATRIC: 1122973.3

@ref	Trait	Model	Prediction	Confidence in %	In training data
125438	gram-positive	gram-positiveⓘ	no	93.93	no
125438	anaerobic	anaerobicⓘ	yes	91.83	yes
125438	spore-forming	spore-formingⓘ	no	94.10	no
125438	aerobic	aerobicⓘ	no	96.64	no
125438	thermophilic	thermophileⓘ	no	94.05	no
125438	flagellated	motile2+ⓘ	no	88.50	no

Literature

Topic	Title	Authors	Journal	DOI	Year
	Tracking Reservoirs of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in a Complex Microbial Community Using Metagenomic Hi-C: The Case of Bovine Digital Dermatitis.	Beyi AF, Hassall A, Phillips GJ, Plummer PJ.	Antibiotics (Basel)	10.3390/antibiotics10020221	2021
	Porphyromonas levii - A Boon for Periodontists?	Balaji A, Jennifer W, Shanmugam M, Krishnan M, Shafiyah M, Narayanan K.	J Pharm Bioallied Sci	10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1106_23	2024
	Protoporphyrin IX derived from dual-species anaerobic biofilms of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii attenuates bovine neutrophil function.	Lockhart JS, Allain T, Hirota SA, Buret AG, Morck DW.	Biofilm	10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100095	2022
Genetics	Comparative Genomics of the Genus Porphyromonas Identifies Adaptations for Heme Synthesis within the Prevalent Canine Oral Species Porphyromonas cangingivalis.	O'Flynn C, Deusch O, Darling AE, Eisen JA, Wallis C, Davis IJ, Harris SJ.	Genome Biol Evol	10.1093/gbe/evv220	2015
Pathogenicity	Capping Agent-Dependent Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study. Concerns about Potential Application in Dental Practice.	Niska K, Niska K, Knap N, Kedzia A, Jaskiewicz M, Kamysz W, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I.	Int J Med Sci	10.7150/ijms.16011	2016
Pathogenicity	In vaginal fluid, bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis can be suppressed with lactic acid but not hydrogen peroxide.	O'Hanlon DE, Moench TR, Cone RA.	BMC Infect Dis	10.1186/1471-2334-11-200	2011
Pathogenicity	Novel riboswitch-binding flavin analog that protects mice against Clostridium difficile infection without inhibiting cecal flora.	Blount KF, Megyola C, Plummer M, Osterman D, O'Connell T, Aristoff P, Quinn C, Chrusciel RA, Poel TJ, Schostarez HJ, Stewart CA, Walker DP, Wuts PG, Breaker RR.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.01282-15	2015
Enzymology	Detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis from saliva by PCR by using a simple sample-processing method.	Matto J, Saarela M, Alaluusua S, Oja V, Jousimies-Somer H, Asikainen S.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.36.1.157-160.1998	1998
Phylogeny	Identification of novel bacterial populations associated with bovine foot lesions using 16S rRNA sequencing.	Zhang J, Pang Y, Zhang Q, Zhao H, Gu W, Musa HH, Ding X, Zhu L.	Res Vet Sci	10.1016/j.rvsc.2025.105975	2025
	Sequential emergence and quantitative dynamics of key bacterial species preceding digital dermatitis lesion onset in dairy cattle.	Dias AP, Orsel K, Gammariello CS, De Buck J.	Vet Microbiol	10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110378	2025
Phylogeny	Bacterial Community Profile of Bovine Mastitis Infected Dairy Cow Milk by 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing.	Sabarish S, Dhanasekaran D.	Indian J Microbiol	10.1007/s12088-024-01310-w	2025
	Clinical and diagnostic comparisons of bovine foot rot and bovine digital dermatitis lesions and management differences in feedlot cattle in Alberta.	Pyakurel S, Amarajeewa L, Knight CG, Dias AP, Orsel K.	Can Vet J		2025
	Quantifying and mapping digital dermatitis-associated bacteria in lesion and nonlesion body sites and dairy farm environment.	Dias AP, Orsel K, De Buck J.	J Dairy Sci	10.3168/jds.2023-24160	2024
	[Risk factors for chronic perforating skin lesions in the area of the digits in cattle on Swiss alpine pastures].	Clavadetscher G, Biner B, Schaub M, Studer E, Durr S, Blatter S, Schmelz P, Steinborn R, Brandt S, Seuberlich T, Steiner A, Alsaaod M.	Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd	10.17236/sat00412	2023
	[First case description of contagious ovine digital dermatitis in Switzerland].	Alsaaod M, Schmid RM, Zwahlen N, Soto S, Wildi N, Seuberlich T, Steiner A.	Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd	10.17236/sat00378	2022
Pathogenicity	Associations between the postpartum uterine and vaginal microbiota and the subsequent development of purulent vaginal discharge vary with dairy cow breed and parity.	Moore SG, Feehily C, Doyle RC, Buckley F, Lonergan P, Cotter PD, Butler ST.	J Dairy Sci	10.3168/jds.2022-22720	2023
	Assessment of immunological response to digital dermatitis pathogen derived antigens following infection, recovery, and reinfection.	Coatney JW, Krull AC, Gorden PJ, Shearer J, Humphrey S, Olsen S, Plummer PJ, Wilson-Welder JH.	Front Vet Sci	10.3389/fvets.2024.1487316	2024
	Bacterial community structure of Physalis peruviana L. fruit exocarp and the presence of pathogens with possible implications on food safety.	Tenea GN, Molina D.	Front Plant Sci	10.3389/fpls.2024.1410314	2024
Genetics	Research in etiology of Floppy Kid Syndrome.	Cheng C, Zheng Y, Wang X, Tao J, Cheng D.	Front Vet Sci	10.3389/fvets.2025.1557951	2025
	Profiling bacterial communities in feedlot cattle affected with bovine foot rot and bovine digital dermatitis lesions using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR.	Pyakurel S, Caddey BJ, Dias AP, De Buck J, Morck DW, Orsel K.	BMC Microbiol	10.1186/s12866-025-03869-w	2025
	Detection and quantification of bacterial species DNA in bovine digital dermatitis lesions in swabs and fine-needle aspiration versus biopsies.	Dias AP, De Buck J.	Front Vet Sci	10.3389/fvets.2022.1040988	2022
	Review of White Line Disorders in Zone 3 and Toe Tip Necrosis in Dairy Cows and Recent Insights into Aetiopathogenesis and Treatments.	Holzhauer M, de Leeuw H.	Microorganisms	10.3390/microorganisms13092159	2025
	Dynamics and Diversity of Intrauterine Anaerobic Microbiota in Dairy Cows with Clinical and Subclinical Endometritis.	Ballas P, Pothmann H, Pothmann I, Drillich M, Ehling-Schulz M, Wagener K.	Animals (Basel)	10.3390/ani13010082	2022
Enzymology	Symposium review: The uterine microbiome associated with the development of uterine disease in dairy cows.	Galvao KN, Bicalho RC, Jeon SJ.	J Dairy Sci	10.3168/jds.2019-17106	2019
	Quantifying known and emerging uterine pathogens, and evaluating their association with metritis and fever in dairy cows.	Cunha F, Jeon SJ, Daetz R, Vieira-Neto A, Laporta J, Jeong KC, Barbet AF, Risco CA, Galvao KN.	Theriogenology	10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.03.016	2018
Metabolism	Mixed species biofilms of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii impair the oxidative response of bovine neutrophils in vitro.	Lockhart JS, Buret AG, Ceri H, Storey DG, Anderson SJ, Morck DW.	Anaerobe	10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.05.008	2017
Pathogenicity	Presence and localization of bacteria in the bovine endometrium postpartum using fluorescence in situ hybridization.	Karstrup CC, Agerholm JS, Jensen TK, Swaro LRV, Klitgaard K, Rasmussen EL, Krogh KM, Pedersen HG.	Theriogenology	10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.01.026	2017
Phylogeny	Presence of bacteria in the endometrium and placentomes of pregnant cows.	Karstrup CC, Klitgaard K, Jensen TK, Agerholm JS, Pedersen HG.	Theriogenology	10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.05.013	2017
Enzymology	Bacterial invasion of the uterus and oviducts in bovine pyometra.	Karstrup CC, Pedersen HG, Jensen TK, Agerholm JS.	Theriogenology	10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.01.027	2017
	Ameliorative Effects of Anthocyanin Metabolites on Western Diet-Induced NAFLD by Modulating Co-Occurrence Networks of Gut Microbiome.	Nakano H, Sakao K, Wada K, Hou DX.	Microorganisms	10.3390/microorganisms11102408	2023
	Pathogenesis and Treatment of Bovine Foot Rot.	Van Metre DC.	Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract	10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.02.003	2017
Genetics	Identification and Quantification of Bovine Digital Dermatitis-Associated Microbiota across Lesion Stages in Feedlot Beef Cattle.	Caddey B, Orsel K, Naushad S, Derakhshani H, De Buck J.	mSystems	10.1128/msystems.00708-21	2021
	Comparison of ozonated water and acidified copper sulphate in prevention of digital dermatitis in dairy cows.	Pirkkalainen H, Dopfer D, Soveri T, Kujala-Wirth M.	Acta Vet Scand	10.1186/s13028-022-00657-8	2022
	Treatment of digital dermatitis using salicylic acid in European bison (Bison bonasus) reveals promising results.	Jucker S, Alsaaod M, Steiner A, Zingre T, Kaessmeyer S, Gurtner C, Friker B, Brandt S, Jensen TK, Hoby S.	Front Vet Sci	10.3389/fvets.2022.1012226	2022
	HmuY proteins of the Porphyromonas genus show diversity in heme-binding properties.	Smiga M, Olczak T.	Front Cell Infect Microbiol	10.3389/fcimb.2025.1560779	2025
Phylogeny	Potential bacterial core species associated with digital dermatitis in cattle herds identified by molecular profiling of interdigital skin samples.	Nielsen MW, Strube ML, Isbrand A, Al-Medrasi WD, Boye M, Jensen TK, Klitgaard K.	Vet Microbiol	10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.003	2016
	Antimicrobial efficiency of bromhexine hydrochloride against endometritis-causing Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes in bovines.	Matzembacker B, Fantinel DDS, Rodrigues CM, da Silva SP, Marin MHDB, Rosa DS, da Costa MM, Silveira S, Girardini LK.	Braz J Microbiol	10.1007/s42770-024-01320-2	2024
	Levels of Main Bacterial Phyla in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Sheep Depending on Parity and Age.	Smolinski J, Szeligowska N, Cholewinska P, Czyz K, Janczak M.	Animals (Basel)	10.3390/ani11082203	2021
	Clinical Efficacy of a Single Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion with Marbofloxacin versus Ceftiofur Sodium to Treat Acute Interdigital Phlegmon in Dairy Cows.	Celani G, Stratico P, Albano P, Petrizzi L, Mortellaro CM, Varasano V.	Animals (Basel)	10.3390/ani13101598	2023
Phylogeny	Characterization of bacterial DNA identified in abscessed and non-abscessed bovine hepatic tissue at the time of harvest.	Stotz MK, Henry DD, Crossland WL.	J Anim Sci	10.1093/jas/skab280	2021
	Changes in Uterine Metabolome Associated with Metritis Development and Cure in Lactating Holstein Cows.	de Oliveira EB, Monteiro HF, Pereira JMV, Williams DR, Pereira RV, Silva Del Rio N, Menta PR, Machado VS, Lima FS.	Metabolites	10.3390/metabo13111156	2023
Phylogeny	Characterization of the hoof bacterial communities in feedlot cattle affected with digital dermatitis, foot rot or both using a surface swab technique.	Wong NST, Malmuthge N, Gellatly D, Nordi WM, Alexander TW, Ortega Polo R, Janzen E, Schwartzkopf-Genswein K, Jelinski M.	Anim Microbiome	10.1186/s42523-023-00277-1	2024
	An experimental model to induce digital dermatitis in beef calves.	Thomas AD, Pajor EA, Caddey B, Goldhawk C, Martins L, Orsel K.	BMC Vet Res	10.1186/s12917-022-03345-x	2022
	Bacterial species associated with interdigital phlegmon outbreaks in Finnish dairy herds.	Kontturi M, Junni R, Simojoki H, Malinen E, Seuna E, Klitgaard K, Kujala-Wirth M, Soveri T, Pelkonen S.	BMC Vet Res	10.1186/s12917-019-1788-x	2019
Genetics	Pangenomic and biochemical analyses of Helcococcus ovis reveal widespread tetracycline resistance and a novel bacterial species, Helcococcus bovis.	Cunha F, Zhai Y, Casaro S, Jones KL, Hernandez M, Bisinotto RS, Kariyawasam S, Brown MB, Phillips A, Jeong KC, Galvao KN.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2024.1456569	2024
	Detection of antibodies against Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii-like species in dairy cattle with papillomatous digital dermatitis.	Moe KK, Yano T, Misumi K, Kubota C, Nibe K, Yamazaki W, Muguruma M, Misawa N.	Microbiol Immunol	10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00220.x	2010
	Microbiome Shift, Diversity, and Overabundance of Opportunistic Pathogens in Bovine Digital Dermatitis Revealed by 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing.	Espiritu HM, Mamuad LL, Kim SH, Jin SJ, Lee SS, Kwon SW, Cho YI.	Animals (Basel)	10.3390/ani10101798	2020
	Establishing Galleria mellonella as an invertebrate model for the emerging multi-host pathogen Helcococcus ovis.	Cunha F, Burne A, Casaro S, Brown MB, Bisinotto RS, Galvao KN.	Virulence	10.1080/21505594.2023.2186377	2023
	Phytogenic supplement containing menthol, carvacrol and carvone ameliorates gut microbiota and production performance of commercial layers.	Bajagai YS, Petranyi F, J Yu S, Lobo E, Batacan R, Kayal A, Horyanto D, Ren X, M Whitton M, Stanley D.	Sci Rep	10.1038/s41598-022-14925-0	2022
Enzymology	Identification of Porphyromonas levii isolated from clinical cases of bovine interdigital necrobacillosis by 16S rRNA sequencing.	Sweeney M, Watts J, Portis E, Lucas M, Nutsch R, Meeuwse D, Bade D, Oliver V, Morck DW, Shinabarger D, Poppe S, Peterson M, Sweeney D, Knechtel M, Zurenko G.	Vet Ther		2009
	The effects of bovine necrotic vulvo-vaginitis on reproductive and production performance of Israeli 1st calf heifers.	Goshen T, Ben-Gera J, Koren O, Bdolah-Abram T, Elad D.	Theriogenology	10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.024	2012
	Allogenic adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells are effective than antibiotics in treating endometritis.	Bhaskar V, Saini S, Ansari S, Ghai S, Thakur A, Chopra S, Verma V, Malakar D.	Sci Rep	10.1038/s41598-023-36820-y	2023
	The Anti-Nociceptive Potential of Tulathromycin against Chemically and Thermally Induced Pain in Mice.	Elbadawy M, Abugomaa A, El-Husseiny HM, Mandour AS, Abdel-Daim MM, Aboelenin SM, Soliman MM, El-Mleeh A.	Pharmaceutics	10.3390/pharmaceutics13081247	2021
Phylogeny	Pyogranulomatous pneumonia in goats caused by an undescribed Porphyromonas species, "Porphyromonas katsikii".	Filioussis G, Petridou E, Karavanis E, Frey J.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.02682-14	2015
	Fecal and vaginal microbiota of vaccinated and non-vaccinated pregnant elk challenged with Brucella abortus.	Tibbs-Cortes BW, Rahic-Seggerman FM, Schmitz-Esser S, Boggiatto PM, Olsen S, Putz EJ.	Front Vet Sci	10.3389/fvets.2024.1334858	2024
Transcriptome	Microbial Metagenomes and Host Transcriptomes Reveal the Dynamic Changes of Rumen Gene Expression, Microbial Colonization and Co-Regulation of Mineral Element Metabolism in Yaks from Birth to Adulthood.	Liu Y, Ma L, Riqing D, Qu J, Chen J, Zhandu D, Li B, Jiang M.	Animals (Basel)	10.3390/ani14091365	2024
	Pathology and bacteria related to digital dermatitis in dairy cattle in all year round grazing system in Brazil.	Moreira TF, Facury Filho EJ, Carvalho AU, Strube ML, Nielsen MW, Klitgaard K, Jensen TK.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0193870	2018
	Reproductive Microbiomes in Domestic Livestock: Insights Utilizing 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Community Sequencing.	Poole RK, Soffa DR, McAnally BE, Smith MS, Hickman-Brown KJ, Stockland EL.	Animals (Basel)	10.3390/ani13030485	2023
	Sample-based assessment of the microbial etiology of bovine necrotic vulvovaginitis.	Blum S, Mazuz M, Brenner J, Friedgut O, Stram Y, Koren O, Goshen T, Elad D.	Theriogenology	10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.05.040	2007
Enzymology	Effects of bovine necrotic vulvovaginitis on productivity in a dairy herd in Israel.	Blum S, Mazuz M, Brenner J, Friedgut O, Koren O, Goshen T, Elad D.	Vet J	10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.020	2008
	Recent advances and future directions for uterine diseases diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management in dairy cows.	de Lima FS.	Anim Reprod	10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0063	2020
	Uterine Microbiota of Dairy Cows With Clinical and Subclinical Endometritis.	Wang ML, Liu MC, Xu J, An LG, Wang JF, Zhu YH.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2018.02691	2018
	Treponema spp. Isolated from Bovine Digital Dermatitis Display Different Pathogenicity in a Murine Abscess Model.	Arrazuria R, Knight CG, Lahiri P, Cobo ER, Barkema HW, De Buck J.	Microorganisms	10.3390/microorganisms8101507	2020
	Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative metabolism in bovine macrophages exposed to a novel interdigital phlegmon (foot rot) lesion isolate, Porphyromonas levii.	Walter MR, Morck DW.	Am J Vet Res	10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.757	2002
Pathogenicity	Evaluation of the effects of short-chain fatty acids and extracellular pH on bovine neutrophil function in vitro.	Mills SW, Montgomery SH, Morck DW.	Am J Vet Res	10.2460/ajvr.67.11.1901	2006
	The costs of interdigital phlegmon in four loose-housed Finnish dairy herds.	Haggman J, Junni R, Simojoki H, Juga J, Soveri T.	Acta Vet Scand	10.1186/s13028-015-0181-4	2015
	When the solution becomes the problem: a review on antimicrobial resistance in dairy cattle.	Pires AJ, Pereira G, Fangueiro D, Bexiga R, Oliveira M.	Future Microbiol	10.2217/fmb-2023-0232	2024
	Immunomodulatory Effects of Macrolides Considering Evidence from Human and Veterinary Medicine.	Blondeau JM.	Microorganisms	10.3390/microorganisms10122438	2022
Phylogeny	Pathogenic and Endosymbiotic Bacteria and Their Associated Antibiotic Resistance Biomarkers in Amblyomma and Hyalomma Ticks Infesting Nguni Cattle (Bos spp.).	Chigwada AD, Mapholi NO, Ogola HJO, Mbizeni S, Masebe TM.	Pathogens	10.3390/pathogens11040432	2022
Enzymology	Porphyromonas somerae Invasion of Endometrial Cancer Cells.	Crooks TA, Madison JD, Walsh DM, Herbert WG, Jeraldo PR, Chia N, Cliby WA, Kaufmann SH, Walther-Antonio MRS.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2021.674835	2021
	Bovine necrotic vulvovaginitis associated with Porphyromonas levii.	Elad D, Friedgut O, Alpert N, Stram Y, Lahav D, Tiomkin D, Avramson M, Grinberg K, Bernstein M.	Emerg Infect Dis	10.3201/eid1003.020592	2004
Enzymology	Microbiota Analysis of an Environmental Slurry and Its Potential Role as a Reservoir of Bovine Digital Dermatitis Pathogens.	Klitgaard K, Strube ML, Isbrand A, Jensen TK, Nielsen MW.	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/aem.00244-17	2017
	Comprehensive Outcomes Affected by Antimicrobial Metaphylaxis of Feedlot Calves at Medium-Risk for Bovine Respiratory Disease from a Randomized Controlled Trial.	Horton LM, Depenbusch BE, Dewsbury DM, McAtee TB, Betts NB, Renter DG.	Vet Sci	10.3390/vetsci10020067	2023
	Detection of tetQ and ermF antibiotic resistance genes in Prevotella and Porphyromonas isolates from clinical specimens and resident microbiota of humans.	Arzese AR, Tomasetig L, Botta GA.	J Antimicrob Chemother	10.1093/jac/45.5.577	2000
	Genomic and Virulence Characterization of Intrauterine Pathogenic Escherichia coli With Multi-Drug Resistance Isolated From Cow Uteri With Metritis.	Ma Z, Ginn A, Kang M, Galvao KN, Jeong KC.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2018.03137	2018
	Pharmacodynamic Evaluation and PK/PD-Based Dose Prediction of Tulathromycin: A Potential New Indication for Streptococcus suis Infection.	Zhou YF, Peng HM, Bu MX, Liu YH, Sun J, Liao XP.	Front Pharmacol	10.3389/fphar.2017.00684	2017
	Microbial diversity of bovine mastitic milk as described by pyrosequencing of metagenomic 16s rDNA.	Oikonomou G, Machado VS, Santisteban C, Schukken YH, Bicalho RC.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0047671	2012
	Digital Dermatitis in Cattle: Current Bacterial and Immunological Findings.	Wilson-Welder JH, Alt DP, Nally JE.	Animals (Basel)	10.3390/ani5040400	2015
	In vitro expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1beta, and interleukin 8 mRNA by bovine macrophages following exposure to Porphyromonas levii.	Walter MR, Morck DW.	Can J Vet Res		2002
	Comparison of ceftiofur sodium and oxytetracycline for treatment of acute interdigital phlegmon (foot rot) in feedlot cattle.	Morck DW, Olson ME, Louie TJ, Koppe A, Quinn B.	J Am Vet Med Assoc	10.2460/javma.1998.212.02.254	1998
Phylogeny	16S rRNA amplicon sequencing reveals a polymicrobial nature of complicated claw horn disruption lesions and interdigital phlegmon in dairy cattle.	Bay V, Griffiths B, Carter S, Evans NJ, Lenzi L, Bicalho RC, Oikonomou G.	Sci Rep	10.1038/s41598-018-33993-9	2018
Enzymology	Bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis and an immunoglobulin G2 protease produced by Porphyromonas levii.	Lobb DA, Loeman HJ, Sparrow DG, Morck DW.	Can J Vet Res		1999
	Localization and density of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia in gingival and subgingival granulation tissues affected by chronic or aggressive periodontitis.	Rajakaruna GA, Negi M, Uchida K, Sekine M, Furukawa A, Ito T, Kobayashi D, Suzuki Y, Akashi T, Umeda M, Meinzer W, Izumi Y, Eishi Y.	Sci Rep	10.1038/s41598-018-27766-7	2018
Phylogeny	Microbiota of cow's milk; distinguishing healthy, sub-clinically and clinically diseased quarters.	Oikonomou G, Bicalho ML, Meira E, Rossi RE, Foditsch C, Machado VS, Teixeira AG, Santisteban C, Schukken YH, Bicalho RC.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0085904	2014
	Microbial communities and inflammatory response in the endometrium differ between normal and metritic dairy cows at 5-10 days post-partum.	Sicsic R, Goshen T, Dutta R, Kedem-Vaanunu N, Kaplan-Shabtai V, Pasternak Z, Gottlieb Y, Shpigel NY, Raz T.	Vet Res	10.1186/s13567-018-0570-6	2018
	Uterine Microbiota Progression from Calving until Establishment of Metritis in Dairy Cows.	Jeon SJ, Vieira-Neto A, Gobikrushanth M, Daetz R, Mingoti RD, Parize AC, de Freitas SL, da Costa AN, Bicalho RC, Lima S, Jeong KC, Galvao KN.	Appl Environ Microbiol	10.1128/aem.01753-15	2015
Metabolism	Concurrent and long-term associations between the endometrial microbiota and endometrial transcriptome in postpartum dairy cows.	Moore SG, Ericsson AC, Behura SK, Lamberson WR, Evans TJ, McCabe MS, Poock SE, Lucy MC.	BMC Genomics	10.1186/s12864-019-5797-8	2019
	Bovine Teat Microbiome Analysis Revealed Reduced Alpha Diversity and Significant Changes in Taxonomic Profiles in Quarters with a History of Mastitis.	Falentin H, Rault L, Nicolas A, Bouchard DS, Lassalas J, Lamberton P, Aubry JM, Marnet PG, Le Loir Y, Even S.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2016.00480	2016
	Altered microbiomes in bovine digital dermatitis lesions, and the gut as a pathogen reservoir.	Zinicola M, Lima F, Lima S, Machado V, Gomez M, Dopfer D, Guard C, Bicalho R.	PLoS One	10.1371/journal.pone.0120504	2015
Enzymology	Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin in healthy and neutropenic mice challenged intranasally with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli.	Villarino N, Brown SA, Martin-Jimenez T.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.00218-12	2012
Pathogenicity	Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.	Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merriam CV, Warren Y, Tyrrell K.	Antimicrob Agents Chemother	10.1128/aac.44.10.2747-2751.2000	2000
Phylogeny	Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of Bacteroidetes.	Hahnke RL, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Garcia-Lopez M, Mukherjee S, Huntemann M, Ivanova NN, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Klenk HP, Goker M.	Front Microbiol	10.3389/fmicb.2016.02003	2016
Phylogeny	Actinomyces cardiffensis sp. nov. from human clinical sources.	Hall V, Collins MD, Hutson R, Falsen E, Duerden BI.	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/jcm.40.9.3427-3431.2002	2002
Phylogeny	Porphyromonas somerae sp. nov., a pathogen isolated from humans and distinct from porphyromonas levii.	Summanen PH, Durmaz B, Vaisanen ML, Liu C, Molitoris D, Eerola E, Helander IM, Finegold SM	J Clin Microbiol	10.1128/JCM.43.9.4455-4459.2005	2005

References

#16711	Leibniz Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH ; Curators of the DSMZ; DSM 23370
#20215	Parte, A.C., Sardà Carbasse, J., Meier-Kolthoff, J.P., Reimer, L.C. and Göker, M.: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. IJSEM ( DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.004332 )
#20218	Verslyppe, B., De Smet, W., De Baets, B., De Vos, P., Dawyndt P.: StrainInfo introduces electronic passports for microorganisms.. Syst Appl Microbiol. 37: 42 - 50 2014 ( DOI 10.1016/j.syapm.2013.11.002 , PubMed 24321274 )
#67770	Japan Collection of Microorganism (JCM) ; Curators of the JCM;
#68367	Automatically annotated from API 20A .
#68380	Automatically annotated from API rID32A .
#69479	João F Matias Rodrigues, Janko Tackmann,Gregor Rot, Thomas SB Schmidt, Lukas Malfertheiner, Mihai Danaila,Marija Dmitrijeva, Daniela Gaio, Nicolas Näpflin and Christian von Mering. University of Zurich.: MicrobeAtlas 1.0 beta .
#125438	Julia Koblitz, Lorenz Christian Reimer, Rüdiger Pukall, Jörg Overmann: Predicting bacterial phenotypic traits through improved machine learning using high-quality, curated datasets. 2024 ( DOI 10.1101/2024.08.12.607695 )
#125439	Philipp Münch, René Mreches, Martin Binder, Hüseyin Anil Gündüz, Xiao-Yin To, Alice McHardy: deepG: Deep Learning for Genome Sequence Data. R package version 0.3.1 .
#126262	A. Lissin, I. Schober, J. F. Witte, H. Lüken, A. Podstawka, J. Koblitz, B. Bunk, P. Dawyndt, P. Vandamme, P. de Vos, J. Overmann, L. C. Reimer: StrainInfo—the central database for linked microbial strain identifiers. ( DOI 10.1093/database/baaf059 )

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Porphyromonas levii (DSM 23370, ATCC 29147, CCUG 34320)

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