Nocardia anaemiae (DSM 44821, IFM 0323, JCM 12396)

Name: Nocardia anaemiae (DSM 44821, IFM 0323, JCM 12396)
Creator: BacDive
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

BacDive ID 10798

Type strain

Culture col. no. DSM 44821 IFM 0323 JCM 12396 NBRC 100462 CIP 108869

NCBI tax ID(s) 1210065 263910

Special Collections DSMZ JCM CIP Wink compendium

Links

Nocardia anaemiae DSM 44821 is an obligate aerobe, mesophilic, Gram-positive prokaryote that builds an aerial mycelium and was isolated from human.

Gram-positive rod-shaped obligate aerobe mesophilic genome sequence 16S sequence

Name and taxonomic classification

SI-ID 200537

NBRC 100462,DSM 44821,JCM 12396,CIP 108869

@ref 20215

Last LPSN update 2025-12-16 09:49:25

Domain Bacillati

Phylum Actinomycetota

Class Actinomycetes

Order Mycobacteriales

Family Nocardiaceae

Genus Nocardia

Species Nocardia anaemiae

Full scientific name Nocardia anaemiae Kageyama et al. 2005

Morphology

Cell morphology

@ref	Gram stain	Cell shape	Confidence
116368	positive	rod-shaped
125438	positive		90.913
125439			92.5
125439	positive		98.7

Colony morphology

@ref	Colony color	Incubation period	Medium used
19710	Cream	10-14 days	ISP 2
19710	Cream	10-14 days	ISP 3
19710	Cream	10-14 days	ISP 4
19710	Light lemon yellow	10-14 days	ISP 5
19710	Cream	10-14 days	ISP 6
19710	Platinum grey	10-14 days	ISP 7
116368

Multicellular morphology

@ref	Complex name	Complex color	Medium name
19710			ISP 2
19710			ISP 3
19710			ISP 4
19710	Aerial Mycelium	Cream	ISP 5
19710			ISP 6
19710			ISP 7

Multimedia

@ref:	12117
multimedia content:	DSM_44821.jpg
multimedia.multimedia content:	https://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/photos/DSM_44821.jpg
caption:	Medium 65 28°C
intellectual property rights:	© Leibniz-Institut DSMZ
manual_annotation:	1

Culture and growth conditions

Culture medium

@ref	Name	Medium link	Composition
12117	TRYPTICASE SOY BROTH AGAR (DSMZ Medium 535)	Medium recipe at MediaDive	Name: TRYPTICASE SOY BROTH AGAR (DSMZ Medium 535) Composition: Trypticase soy broth 30.0 g/l Agar 15.0 g/l Distilled water
12117	GYM STREPTOMYCES MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 65)	Medium recipe at MediaDive	Name: GYM STREPTOMYCES MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 65) Composition: Agar 18.0 g/l Malt extract 10.0 g/l Yeast extract 4.0 g/l Glucose 4.0 g/l CaCO3 2.0 g/l Distilled water
19710	ISP 2		Name: ISP 2 / Yeast Malt Agar (5265); 5265 Composition Malt extract 10.0 g/l Yeast extract 4.0 g/l Glucose 4.0 g/l Agar 15.0 g/l Preparation: Sterilisation: 20 minutes at 121°C pH before sterilisation: 7.0 Usage: Maintenance and Taxonomy Organisms: All Actinomycetes
19710	ISP 3		Name: ISP 3; 5315 Composition Dog oat flakes 20.0 g/l Trace element solution (5314) 2.5 ml/l Agar 18.0 g/l Preparation: Oat flakes are cooked for 20 minutes, trace element solution and agar are added (in the case of non rolled oat flakes the suspension has to bee filtrated). Sterilisation: 20 minutes at 121°C pH before sterilisation: 7.8 Usage: Maintenance and taxonomy (e.g. SEM As liquid medium for metabolite production) Organisms: All Actinomycetes Trace element solution 5314 Name: Trace element solution 5314; 5314 Composition CaCl2 x H2O 3.0 g/l Fe-III-citrate 1.0 g/l MnSO4 0.2 g/l ZnCl2 0.1 g/l CuSO4 x 5 H2O 0.025 g/l Sodium tetra borate 0.2 g/l CoCl2 x 6 H2O 0.004 g/l Sodium molybdate 0.01 g/l Preparation: Use double destillated water. Sterilisation: 20 minutes at 121°C pH before sterilisation: Usage: Trace element solution for different media Organisms:
19710	ISP 4		Name: ISP 4; DSM 547 Solution I: Difco soluble starch, 10.0 g. Make a paste of the starch with a small amount of cold distilled water and bring to a volume of 500 ml. Solution II: CaCO3 2.0 g K2HPO4 (anhydrous) 1.0 g MgSO4 x 7 H2O 1.0 g NaCl 1.0 g (NH4)2SO4 2.0 g Distilled water 500.0 ml Trace salt solution (see below) 1.0 ml The pH should be between 7.0 and 7.4. Do not adjust if it is within this range. Mix solutions I and II together. Add 20.0 g agar. Liquify agar by steaming at 100°C for 10 to 20 min. Trace element solution: FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.1 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.1 g ZnSO4 x 7 H2O 0.1 g Distilled water 100.0 ml
19710	ISP 5		Name: ISP 5 (5323) Composition L-Asparagine 1.0 g/l Glycerol 10.0 g/l K2HPO4 1.0 g/l Salt solution (see preparation) 1.0 ml/l Agar 20.0 g/l Preparation: Salt solution 1.0 g FeSO4 x 7 H2O 1.0 g MnCl2 x 4 H2O 1.0 g ZNSO4 x 7 H2O in 100 ml water Sterilisation: 20 minutes at 121°C pH before sterilisation: 7.2 Usage: Maintenance and taxonomy Organisms: All Actinomycetes
19710	ISP 6		Name: ISP 6 (5318) Composition Peptone 15.0 g/l Proteose peptose 5.0 g/l Ferric ammonium citrate 0.5 g/l Sodium glycerophosphate 1.0 g/l Sodium thiosulfate 0.08 g/l Yeast extract 1.0 g/l Agar 15.0 g/l Sterilisation: 20 minutes at 121°C pH before sterilisation: Usage: Production of melanoid pigments Organisms: All Actinomycetes
19710	ISP 7		Name: ISP 7 (5322) Composition Glycerol 15.0 g/l L-Tyrosine 0.5 g/l L-Asparagine 1.0 g/l K2HPO4 0.5 g/l NaCl 0.5 g/l FeSO4 x 7 H2O 0.01 g/l Trace element solution 5343 1.0 ml/l Agar 20.0 Sterilisation: 20 minutes at 121°C pH before sterilisation: 7.3 Usage: Production of melanoid pigments Organisms: All Actinomycetes
38349	MEDIUM 72- for trypto casein soja agar		Distilled water make up to (1000.000 ml);Trypto casein soy agar (40.000 g)
116368	CIP Medium 72	Medium recipe at CIP

Culture temp

@ref	Growth	Type	Temperature (°C)	Range
12117	positive	growth	28	mesophilic
19710	positive	optimum	28	mesophilic
38349	positive	growth	30	mesophilic
67770	positive	growth	28	mesophilic
116368	positive	growth	25-41
116368	negative	growth	10
116368	negative	growth	45

Physiology and metabolism

Oxygen tolerance

@ref	Oxygen tolerance	Confidence
116368	obligate aerobe
125439	obligate aerobe	99.2

Halophily

@ref	Salt	Growth	Tested relation	Concentration
116368	NaCl	positive	growth	0-6 %
116368	NaCl		growth	8 %
116368	NaCl		growth	10 %

Observation

67770

Observationquinones: MK-8(H₄, ω-cycl)

Metabolite utilization

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Utilization activity	Kind of utilization tested
68371	27613 ChEBI	amygdalin	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
19710	22599 ChEBI	arabinose	+
68371	17057 ChEBI	cellobiose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
19710	62968 ChEBI	cellulose	-
116368	16947 ChEBI	citrate	-	carbon source
68371	17108 ChEBI	D-arabinose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	18333 ChEBI	D-arabitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	15824 ChEBI	D-fructose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	28847 ChEBI	D-fucose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	12936 ChEBI	D-galactose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17634 ChEBI	D-glucose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	62318 ChEBI	D-lyxose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	16899 ChEBI	D-mannitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	16024 ChEBI	D-mannose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	16988 ChEBI	D-ribose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17924 ChEBI	D-sorbitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	16443 ChEBI	D-tagatose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	65327 ChEBI	D-xylose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17113 ChEBI	erythritol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68379	4853 ChEBI	esculin	-	hydrolysis	from API Coryne
116368	4853 ChEBI	esculin	-	hydrolysis
68371	4853 ChEBI	esculin	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
19710	28757 ChEBI	fructose	+
68371	16813 ChEBI	galactitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68379	5291 ChEBI	gelatin	-	hydrolysis	from API Coryne
68371	28066 ChEBI	gentiobiose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	24265 ChEBI	gluconate	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
19710	17234 ChEBI	glucose	+
68371	28087 ChEBI	glycogen	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
116368	606565 ChEBI	hippurate	+	hydrolysis
68371	15443 ChEBI	inulin	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	30849 ChEBI	L-arabinose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	18403 ChEBI	L-arabitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	18287 ChEBI	L-fucose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	62345 ChEBI	L-rhamnose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17266 ChEBI	L-sorbose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	65328 ChEBI	L-xylose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17716 ChEBI	lactose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	17306 ChEBI	maltose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
19710	29864 ChEBI	mannitol	+
68371	6731 ChEBI	melezitose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	28053 ChEBI	melibiose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	320061 ChEBI	methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	43943 ChEBI	methyl alpha-D-mannoside	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	74863 ChEBI	methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
19710	17268 ChEBI	myo-inositol	-
68371	17268 ChEBI	myo-inositol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	59640 ChEBI	N-acetylglucosamine	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
116368	17632 ChEBI	nitrate	+	reduction
116368	17632 ChEBI	nitrate	-	respiration
116368	16301 ChEBI	nitrite	-	reduction
68371		Potassium 2-ketogluconate	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371		Potassium 5-ketogluconate	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
19710	16634 ChEBI	raffinose	-
68371	16634 ChEBI	raffinose	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
19710	26546 ChEBI	rhamnose	-
68371	15963 ChEBI	ribitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	28017 ChEBI	starch	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
19710	17992 ChEBI	sucrose	-
68379	17992 ChEBI	sucrose	-	fermentation	from API Coryne
68371	17992 ChEBI	sucrose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	27082 ChEBI	trehalose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68371	32528 ChEBI	turanose	+	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
68379	16199 ChEBI	urea	-	hydrolysis	from API Coryne
68371	17151 ChEBI	xylitol	-	builds acid from	from API 50CH acid
19710	18222 ChEBI	xylose	-

Metabolite production

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Production
116368	35581 ChEBI	indole

Metabolite tests

@ref	Chebi-ID	Metabolite	Voges-proskauer-test	Methylred-test
116368	15688 ChEBI	acetoin	-
116368	17234 ChEBI	glucose		-

Enzymes

@ref	Value	Activity	Ec
68382	acid phosphatase	+	3.1.3.2	from API zym
116368	alcohol dehydrogenase	-	1.1.1.1
68379	alkaline phosphatase	+	3.1.3.1	from API Coryne
68382	alpha-chymotrypsin	-	3.4.21.1	from API zym
68382	alpha-fucosidase	-	3.2.1.51	from API zym
68382	alpha-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.22	from API zym
68382	alpha-glucosidase	+	3.2.1.20	from API zym
68379	alpha-glucosidase	+	3.2.1.20	from API Coryne
68382	alpha-mannosidase	-	3.2.1.24	from API zym
116368	amylase	-
68382	beta-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.23	from API zym
116368	beta-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.23
68379	beta-galactosidase	-	3.2.1.23	from API Coryne
68379	beta-glucosidase	-	3.2.1.21	from API Coryne
68382	beta-glucuronidase	-	3.2.1.31	from API zym
68379	beta-glucuronidase	-	3.2.1.31	from API Coryne
116368	caseinase	-	3.4.21.50
116368	catalase	+	1.11.1.6
68382	cystine arylamidase	-	3.4.11.3	from API zym
116368	DNase	-
116368	gamma-glutamyltransferase	-	2.3.2.2
116368	gelatinase	+/-
68379	gelatinase	-		from API Coryne
116368	lecithinase	-
68382	leucine arylamidase	+	3.4.11.1	from API zym
116368	lipase	-
68382	lipase (C 14)	-		from API zym
116368	lysine decarboxylase	-	4.1.1.18
68382	N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase	-	3.2.1.52	from API zym
68379	N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase	-	3.2.1.52	from API Coryne
116368	ornithine decarboxylase	-	4.1.1.17
116368	oxidase	-
116368	phenylalanine ammonia-lyase	-	4.3.1.24
68379	pyrazinamidase	-	3.5.1.B15	from API Coryne
68379	pyrrolidonyl arylamidase	-	3.4.19.3	from API Coryne
68382	trypsin	+	3.4.21.4	from API zym
116368	tryptophan deaminase	-
116368	tween esterase	-
116368	urease	+	3.5.1.5
68379	urease	-	3.5.1.5	from API Coryne

API coryne

@ref	Reduction of nitrateNIT	PYZ	PYRA	PAL	beta GUR	beta GAL	alpha GLU	beta NAG	ESC	URE	GEL	Control fermentationControl	GLU	RIB	XYL	MAN	MAL	LAC	SAC	GLYG	CAT
19710	not determinedn.d.	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.	-	not determinedn.d.	not determinedn.d.

API zym

@ref	Control	Alkaline phosphatase	Esterase (C 4)	2-naphtyl caprylateEsterase Lipase (C 8)	Lipase (C 14)	L-leucyl-2-naphthylamideLeucine arylamidase	L-valyl-2-naphthylamideValine arylamidase	L-cystyl-2-naphthylamideCystine arylamidase	Trypsin	alpha- Chymotrypsin	Acid phosphatase	Naphthol-AS-BI-phosphateNaphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase	alpha- Galactosidase	beta- Galactosidase	beta- Glucuronidase	alpha- Glucosidase	beta- Glucosidase	N-acetyl-beta- glucosaminidase	alpha- Mannosidase	alpha- Fucosidase
19710	not determinedn.d.	+	+	+	-	+	-	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-
116368	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-

API 50CHac

@ref	ControlQ	GLY	ERY	DARA	LARA	RIB	DXYL	LXYL	ADO	MDX	GAL	GLU	FRU	MNE	SBE	RHA	DUL	INO	MAN	SOR	MDM	MDG	NAG	AMY	ARB	ESC	SAL	CEL	MAL	LAC	MEL	SAC	TRE	INU	MLZ	RAF	AMD	GLYG	XLT	GEN	TUR	LYX	TAG	DFUC	LFUC	DARL	LARL	GNT	2KG	5KG
116368	not determinedn.d.	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+	+/-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Isolation, sampling and environmental information

Isolation source categories

Cat1	Cat2
#Host	#Human

Isolation

@ref	Sample type	Country	Country ISO 3 Code	Continent
12117	human	Japan	JPN	Asia
67770	73-Year-old Japanese male patient
116368	Human	Japan	JPN	Asia

Taxonmaps

69479

Global distribution of 16S sequence GQ376192 (>99% sequence identity) for Nocardia anaemiae subclade from Microbeatlas

Aquatic Samples	4
Soil Samples	142
Animal Samples	13
Plant Samples	10
Total Samples	169

Interaction and safety

Risk assessment

@ref	Pathogenicity human	Biosafety level	Biosafety level comment
12117	yes, in single cases	1	Risk group (German classification) According to TRBA 466
19710		2	Risk group (German classification) According to TRBA 466
116368		2	Risk group (French classification) According to TRBA 466

Sequence information

Genome sequences

@ref	Description	Assembly level	INSDC accession	BV-BRC accession	IMG accession	NCBI tax ID	Score
67770	ASM161272v1 assembly for Nocardia anaemiae NBRC 100462	contig	GCA_001612725	1210065.4	2731957725	1210065	49.74

16S sequences

@ref	Description	Accession	Length	NCBI tax ID
20218	Nocardia anaemiae 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence	GQ376192	1441	263910
20218	Nocardia anaemiae strain DSM 44821 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence	JF797304	1414	263910
20218	Nocardia anaemiae strain DSM 44821 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence	JN041532	462	263910
20218	Nocardia anaemiae gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence, strain: IFM 0323	AB162801	1498	263910

GC content

@ref	GC-content (mol%)	Method
67770	66.2	high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Genome-based predictions

Predictions

Predictions from Deep Learning for Genome Sequence Data. R package version 0.3.1 based on: Nocardia anaemiae NBRC 100462
NCBI: GCA_001612725

@ref	Trait	Model	Prediction	Confidence in %	In training data
125439	oxygen_tolerance	BacteriaNetⓘ	obligate aerobe	99.20	no
125439	gram_stain	BacteriaNetⓘ	positive	98.70	no
125439	motility	BacteriaNetⓘ	no	92.50	no
125439	spore_formation	BacteriaNetⓘ	yes	79.90	no

Predictions from bacterial phenotypic traits through improved machine learning using high-quality, curated datasets based on: Nocardia anaemiae NBRC 100462
PATRIC: 1210065.4

@ref	Trait	Model	Prediction	Confidence in %	In training data
125438	gram-positive	gram-positiveⓘ	yes	90.91	no
125438	anaerobic	anaerobicⓘ	no	95.80	yes
125438	spore-forming	spore-formingⓘ	yes	67.16	no
125438	aerobic	aerobicⓘ	yes	87.27	no
125438	thermophilic	thermophileⓘ	no	96.90	yes
125438	flagellated	motile2+ⓘ	no	87.50	no

Literature

Topic	Title	Authors	Journal	DOI	Year
	Nocardiosis and elevated beta-d-glucan in solid organ transplant recipients.	Ringer M, Radcliffe C, Kerantzas CA, Malinis M, Azar MM.	IDCases	10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01322	2021
Pathogenicity	Identification of a novel drug-resistant community-acquired Nocardia spp. in a patient with bronchiectasis.	Li Z, Li Y, Li S, Li Z, Mai Y, Cheng J, Su D, Zhan Y, Zhong N, Ye F	Emerg Microbes Infect	10.1080/22221751.2022.2069514	2022
Phylogeny	Nocardia anaemiae sp. nov. isolated from an immunocompromised patient and the first isolation report of Nocardia vinacea from humans.	Kageyama A, Yazawa K, Nishimura K, Mikami Y	Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi	10.3314/jjmm.46.21	2005

References

#12117	Leibniz Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH ; Curators of the DSMZ; DSM 44821
#19710	Wink, J.: Compendium of Actinobacteria. HZI-Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig .
#20215	Parte, A.C., Sardà Carbasse, J., Meier-Kolthoff, J.P., Reimer, L.C. and Göker, M.: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. IJSEM ( DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.004332 )
#20218	Verslyppe, B., De Smet, W., De Baets, B., De Vos, P., Dawyndt P.: StrainInfo introduces electronic passports for microorganisms.. Syst Appl Microbiol. 37: 42 - 50 2014 ( DOI 10.1016/j.syapm.2013.11.002 , PubMed 24321274 )
#38349	; Curators of the CIP;
#67770	Japan Collection of Microorganism (JCM) ; Curators of the JCM;
#68371	Automatically annotated from API 50CH acid .
#68379	Automatically annotated from API Coryne .
#68382	Automatically annotated from API zym .
#69479	João F Matias Rodrigues, Janko Tackmann,Gregor Rot, Thomas SB Schmidt, Lukas Malfertheiner, Mihai Danaila,Marija Dmitrijeva, Daniela Gaio, Nicolas Näpflin and Christian von Mering. University of Zurich.: MicrobeAtlas 1.0 beta .
#116368	Collection of Institut Pasteur ; Curators of the CIP; CIP 108869
#125438	Julia Koblitz, Lorenz Christian Reimer, Rüdiger Pukall, Jörg Overmann: Predicting bacterial phenotypic traits through improved machine learning using high-quality, curated datasets. 2024 ( DOI 10.1101/2024.08.12.607695 )
#125439	Philipp Münch, René Mreches, Martin Binder, Hüseyin Anil Gündüz, Xiao-Yin To, Alice McHardy: deepG: Deep Learning for Genome Sequence Data. R package version 0.3.1 .
#126262	A. Lissin, I. Schober, J. F. Witte, H. Lüken, A. Podstawka, J. Koblitz, B. Bunk, P. Dawyndt, P. Vandamme, P. de Vos, J. Overmann, L. C. Reimer: StrainInfo—the central database for linked microbial strain identifiers. ( DOI 10.1093/database/baaf059 )

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Nocardia anaemiae (DSM 44821, IFM 0323, JCM 12396)

Name and taxonomic classification

Morphology

Cell morphology

Colony morphology

Multicellular morphology

Multimedia

Culture and growth conditions

Culture medium

Culture temp

Physiology and metabolism

Oxygen tolerance

Halophily

Observation

Metabolite utilization

Metabolite production

Metabolite tests

Enzymes

API coryne

API zym

API 50CHac

Isolation, sampling and environmental information

Isolation source categories

Isolation

Taxonmaps

Interaction and safety

Risk assessment

Sequence information

Genome sequences

Genome browser: GCA_001612725

16S sequences

GC content

Genome-based predictions

Predictions

Literature

Literature

References

BacDive

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