Strain identifier

BacDive ID: 2582

Type strain: Yes

Species: Clostridioides difficile

Strain Designation: 1780, McClung 1780, 90556-M6S, 10008

Strain history: CIP <- 1994, J.P. Carlier, Inst. Pasteur, Paris, France: strain 10008 <- ATCC <- F.E. Clark: strain 90556-M6S

NCBI tax ID(s): 1496 (species)

For citation purpose refer to the digital object identifier (doi) of the current version.
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General

@ref: 627

BacDive-ID: 2582

DSM-Number: 1296

keywords: genome sequence, 16S sequence, Bacteria, anaerobe, spore-forming, mesophilic, rod-shaped, toxin production, human pathogen

description: Clostridioides difficile 1780 is an anaerobe, spore-forming, mesophilic human pathogen that produces toxins and was isolated from Human feces.

NCBI tax id

  • NCBI tax id: 1496
  • Matching level: species

strain history

@refhistory
627<- ATCC <- F.E. Clark, USDA 90556-M6S
67770ATCC 9689 <-- F. E. Clark 90556-M6S (L. S. McClung 1780).
118934CIP <- 1994, J.P. Carlier, Inst. Pasteur, Paris, France: strain 10008 <- ATCC <- F.E. Clark: strain 90556-M6S

doi: 10.13145/bacdive2582.20230509.8.1

Name and taxonomic classification

LPSN

  • @ref: 20215
  • description: domain/bacteria
  • keyword: phylum/bacillota
  • domain: Bacteria
  • phylum: Bacillota
  • class: Clostridia
  • order: Eubacteriales
  • family: Peptostreptococcaceae
  • genus: Clostridioides
  • species: Clostridioides difficile
  • full scientific name: Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Lawson et al. 2016
  • synonyms

    @refsynonym
    20215Bacillus difficilis
    20215Peptoclostridium difficile
    20215Clostridium difficile

@ref: 627

domain: Bacteria

phylum: Firmicutes

class: Clostridia

order: Clostridiales

family: Peptostreptococcaceae

genus: Clostridioides

species: Clostridioides difficile

full scientific name: Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Lawson et al. 2016

strain designation: 1780, McClung 1780, 90556-M6S, 10008

type strain: yes

Morphology

cell morphology

@refcell shapegram stainmotility
68367rod-shaped
68367positive
118934rod-shapedpositiveno

colony morphology

@reftype of hemolysisincubation period
627gamma1-2 days
118934

Culture and growth conditions

culture medium

@refnamegrowthlinkcomposition
627FASTIDIOUS ANAEROBE AGAR (DSMZ Medium 1203)yeshttps://mediadive.dsmz.de/medium/1203Name: FASTIDIOUS ANAEROBE AGAR (DSMZ Medium 1203) Composition: Horse blood 100.0 g/l Fastidious Anaerobe Agar 45.7 g/l Distilled water
627CHOPPED MEAT MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 78)yeshttps://mediadive.dsmz.de/medium/78Name: CHOPPED MEAT MEDIUM (DSMZ Medium 78) Composition: Ground beef 500.0 g/l Casitone 30.0 g/l Agar 15.0 g/l Ethanol 9.5 g/l (optional) K2HPO4 5.0 g/l Yeast extract 5.0 g/l L-Cysteine HCl 0.5 g/l Haemin 0.005 g/l (optional) Resazurin 0.001 g/l Vitamin K3 0.0005 g/l (optional) Vitamin K1 (optional) NaOH (optional) Distilled water
36612MEDIUM 20 - for Anaerobic bacteriayesAgar (15.000 g);Glucose (5.000 g);Yeast extract (20.000 g);Tryptone (30.000 g);Cysteine hydrochloride (0.500 g);distilled water (1000.000 ml);Hemin solution -M00149 (25.000 ml)
118934CIP Medium 20yeshttps://catalogue-crbip.pasteur.fr/fiche_milieu.xhtml?crbip=20
118934CIP Medium 187yeshttps://catalogue-crbip.pasteur.fr/fiche_milieu.xhtml?crbip=187

culture temp

@refgrowthtypetemperaturerange
627positivegrowth37mesophilic
36612positivegrowth37mesophilic
44808positivegrowth37mesophilic
67770positivegrowth37mesophilic

Physiology and metabolism

oxygen tolerance

@refoxygen tolerance
627anaerobe
44808anaerobe
118934anaerobe

spore formation

@refspore formation
68367yes
118934yes

compound production

  • @ref: 627
  • compound: clostridium difficile toxin

metabolite utilization

@refChebi-IDmetaboliteutilization activitykind of utilization tested
6836716634raffinose-builds acid from
6836717057cellobiose-builds acid from
6836730849L-arabinose-builds acid from
6836717992sucrose-builds acid from
6836716199urea-hydrolysis
1189344853esculin+hydrolysis
11893417632nitrate-reduction
11893416301nitrite-reduction
11893417632nitrate+respiration
6838016199urea-hydrolysis
6838016024D-mannose-fermentation
6838016634raffinose-fermentation
6838029985L-glutamate-degradation
6838017632nitrate-reduction
6838027897tryptophan-energy source

metabolite production

@refChebi-IDmetaboliteproduction
11893435581indoleno
6838035581indoleno

metabolite tests

  • @ref: 68380
  • Chebi-ID: 35581
  • metabolite: indole
  • indole test: -

enzymes

@refvalueactivityec
627catalase+1.11.1.6
627cytochrome-c oxidase-1.9.3.1
68382alpha-fucosidase-3.2.1.51
68382alpha-mannosidase-3.2.1.24
68382N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase-3.2.1.52
68382beta-glucosidase-3.2.1.21
68382alpha-glucosidase-3.2.1.20
68382beta-glucuronidase-3.2.1.31
68382beta-galactosidase-3.2.1.23
68382alpha-galactosidase-3.2.1.22
68382naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase-
68382acid phosphatase-3.1.3.2
68382alpha-chymotrypsin-3.4.21.1
68382trypsin-3.4.21.4
68382cystine arylamidase-3.4.11.3
68382valine arylamidase-
68382leucine arylamidase-3.4.11.1
68382lipase (C 14)-
68382esterase lipase (C 8)-
68382esterase (C 4)+
68382alkaline phosphatase-3.1.3.1
68380serine arylamidase-
68380glutamyl-glutamate arylamidase-
68380histidine arylamidase-
68380glycin arylamidase-
68380alanine arylamidase-3.4.11.2
68380tyrosine arylamidase-
68380pyrrolidonyl arylamidase-3.4.19.3
68380leucine arylamidase-3.4.11.1
68380phenylalanine arylamidase-
68380leucyl glycin arylamidase-3.4.11.1
68380proline-arylamidase+3.4.11.5
68380L-arginine arylamidase-
68380alkaline phosphatase-3.1.3.1
68380tryptophan deaminase-4.1.99.1
68380alpha-fucosidase-3.2.1.51
68380glutamate decarboxylase-4.1.1.15
68380N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase-3.2.1.52
68380beta-glucuronidase-3.2.1.31
68380alpha-arabinosidase-3.2.1.55
68380beta-glucosidase-3.2.1.21
68380beta-Galactosidase 6-phosphate-
68380beta-galactosidase-3.2.1.23
68380alpha-galactosidase-3.2.1.22
68380urease-3.5.1.5
68367urease-3.5.1.5
118934oxidase-
118934beta-galactosidase-3.2.1.23
118934gelatinase-
118934amylase-
118934DNase-
118934caseinase-3.4.21.50
118934tween esterase+
118934lecithinase-
118934lipase-
118934protease-
118934urease-3.5.1.5

fatty acid profile

  • fatty acids

    @reffatty acidpercentageECL
    44808C10:00.810
    44808C12:0212
    44808C14:02.114
    44808C16:012.516
    44808C18:0718
    44808C12:0 ISO0.911.608
    44808C16:0 aldehyde5.414.949
    44808C16:0 iso1.815.626
    44808C16:0 ISO DMA ?1.816.107
    44808C16:1 ω7c515.819
    44808C16:1 ω9c4.315.774
    44808C17:0 CYCLO416.888
    44808C17:1 ISO I/C16:0 DMA15.216.481
    44808C18:0 ISO1.217.632
    44808C18:1 ISO H1.817.46
    44808C18:1 ω7c /12t/9t2.517.824
    44808C18:1 ω9c4.917.769
    44808C18:2 ω6,9c/C18:0 ANTE3.217.724
    44808C19:0 CYCLO ω9c6.418.87
    44808C19:1 ISO I8.418.473
    44808Unidentified1.2
    44808unknown 16.9724.616.972
    44808unknown 9.7303.29.73
  • type of FA analysis: whole cell analysis
  • method/protocol: CCUG

API zym

@refControlAlkaline phosphataseEsteraseEsterase LipaseLipaseLeucine arylamidaseValine arylamidaseCystine arylamidaseTrypsinalpha- ChymotrypsinAcid phosphataseNaphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolasealpha- Galactosidasebeta- Galactosidasebeta- Glucuronidasealpha- Glucosidasebeta- GlucosidaseN-acetyl-beta- glucosaminidasealpha- Mannosidasealpha- Fucosidase
118934--+-----------------

API 20A

@refINDUREGLUMANLACSACMALSALXYLARAGELESCGLYCELMNEMLZRAFSORRHATRESPORGRAMCOCC
627--++---++/--+/-+--++-+-+++-
627+/--+/-+/-------++--+/-+/----+/-++-
627--+-+-+---+-+-+-----++-
627+/--++---+/-+/---+--++/--+/--+++-
627--++---+--++--++-++/-+

API rID32A

@refUREADH Argalpha GALbeta GALbeta GPalpha GLUbeta GLUalpha ARAbeta GURbeta NAGMNERAFGDCalpha FUCNITINDPALArgAProALGAPheALeuAPyrATyrAAlaAGlyAHisAGGASerA
627-----+------------+----------
627-+/----+/-------------+----------

Isolation, sampling and environmental information

isolation

  • @ref: 67770
  • sample type: Human feces

taxonmaps

  • @ref: 69479
  • File name: preview.99_78.png
  • url: https://microbeatlas.org/index.html?action=taxon&taxon_id=90_2;96_63;97_66;98_71;99_78&stattab=map
  • Last taxonomy: Clostridioides difficile
  • 16S sequence: NR_112172
  • Sequence Identity:
  • Total samples: 39293
  • soil counts: 528
  • aquatic counts: 1013
  • animal counts: 37560
  • plant counts: 192

Safety information

risk assessment

@refpathogenicity humanpathogenicity animalbiosafety levelbiosafety level comment
627yesyes2Risk group (German classification)
1189342Risk group (French classification)

Sequence information

16S sequences

@refdescriptionaccessionlengthdatabaseNCBI tax ID
20218Clostridium difficile strain DSM 1296 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequenceHM245939844ena1121308
20218{16S/23S ribosomal DNA spacer region} [Clostridium difficile, ATCC 9689, Genomic, 271 nt]S51968271ena1496
627Clostridium difficile gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence, strain: ATCC 9689AB0757701466ena1121308
627Clostridioides difficile ATCC 9689 = DSM 1296 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequenceNR_1121721466nuccore1121308
67770[Clostridium] difficile gene for 16S ribosomal RNA, partial sequence, strin: JCM 1296AB5486721464ena1121308
67770Clostridium difficile 16S rRNA gene, strain DSM 11209X734501470ena1496

Genome sequences

@refdescriptionaccessionassembly leveldatabaseNCBI tax ID
66792Clostridioides difficile ATCC 9689 = DSM 1296 DSM 1296TGCA_001077535completencbi1121308
66792Clostridioides difficile ATCC 9689 = DSM 1296GCA_000438845scaffoldncbi1121308
66792Clostridioides difficile ATCC 9689 = DSM 1296GCA_000376285contigncbi1121308
66792Clostridioides difficile ATCC 9689 = DSM 1296 strain DSM 1296T1121308.9plasmidpatric1121308
66792Clostridium difficile ATCC 96891121308.3wgspatric1121308
66792Clostridium difficile ATCC 96891121308.5wgspatric1121308
66792Peptoclostridium difficile ATCC 9689 = DSM 12961121308.8completepatric1121308
66792Clostridioides difficile DSM 12962703719004completeimg1121308
66792Clostridioides difficile ATCC 96892515154168draftimg1121308
66792Clostridioides difficile DSM 12962526164710draftimg1121308
66792Clostridioides difficile DSM 12962869685573completeimg1121308
66792Clostridioides difficile strain FDAARGOS_15251496.16124completepatric1496
66792Clostridioides difficile strain FDAARGOS_15251496.6388completepatric1496
66792Clostridioides difficile strain FDAARGOS_15251496.16102completepatric1496

Genome-based predictions

predictions

traitpredictionconfidencetraining_data
motileyes76.754no
motileyes76.754no
flagellatedno69.29no
flagellatedno69.29no
gram-positiveyes91.605yes
gram-positiveyes91.605yes
anaerobicyes98.869yes
anaerobicyes98.869yes
aerobicno97.716yes
aerobicno97.716yes
halophileno93.877no
halophileno93.877no
spore-formingyes94.722yes
spore-formingyes94.722yes
glucose-utilyes87.897no
glucose-utilyes87.897no
thermophileno92.109yes
thermophileno92.109yes
glucose-fermentyes58.692no
glucose-fermentyes58.692no

External links

@ref: 627

culture collection no.: DSM 1296, ATCC 9689, NCIB 10666, NCTC 11209, CCUG 4938, USDA 90556-M6S, JCM 1296, BCRC 10642, CECT 531, CIP 104282, LMG 15861, LMG 21717, NCIMB 10666

straininfo link

  • @ref: 72115
  • straininfo: 377146

literature

topicPubmed-IDtitleauthorsjournalDOIyearmeshtopic2
Enzymology478634Purification and characterization of Clostridium difficile toxin.Rolfe RD, Finegold SMInfect Immun10.1128/iai.25.1.191-201.19791979Bacterial Toxins/analysis/biosynthesis/*isolation & purification, Capillary Permeability, Clostridium/*metabolism, Isoelectric Point, Molecular Weight, TemperaturePhylogeny
Pathogenicity1929250In vitro and in vivo evaluation of tiacumicins B and C against Clostridium difficile.Swanson RN, Hardy DJ, Shipkowitz NL, Hanson CW, Ramer NC, Fernandes PB, Clement JJAntimicrob Agents Chemother10.1128/AAC.35.6.11081991*Aminoglycosides, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology/toxicity, Biological Availability, Cecum/drug effects, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects, Cricetinae, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/drug therapy, Fidaxomicin, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Macrolides, Male, Mesocricetus, Mice, Microbial Sensitivity TestsEnzymology
Pathogenicity11200373Fusidic acid disk diffusion testing of clostridium difficile can be calibrated using single-strain regression analysis.Oppenheimer M, Kronvall G, Karlsson I, Holst EScand J Infect Dis10.1080/0036554004595402000Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects, Fusidic Acid/*pharmacology, Humans, Linear Models, *Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods, Regression Analysis
Pathogenicity16355841Adhesion of selected Bifidobacterium strains to human intestinal mucus and the role of adhesion in enteropathogen exclusion.Collado MC, Gueimonde M, Hernandez M, Sanz Y, Salminen SJ Food Prot10.4315/0362-028x-68.12.26722005Analysis of Variance, *Antibiosis, Bacterial Adhesion/*physiology, Bifidobacterium/*physiology, Enterobacteriaceae/*growth & development, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa/*microbiology, Probiotics, Species SpecificityPhylogeny
Pathogenicity16759886Inhibition of Clostridium difficile growth and adhesion to enterocytes by Bifidobacterium supernatants.Trejo FM, Minnaard J, Perez PF, De Antoni GLAnaerobe10.1016/j.anaerobe.2006.03.0042006*Antibiosis, *Bacterial Adhesion, Bifidobacterium/*growth & development/physiology, Caco-2 Cells, Clostridioides difficile/*growth & development, Enterocytes/*microbiology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn
Biotechnology16924934Exopolysaccharides produced by probiotic strains modify the adhesion of probiotics and enteropathogens to human intestinal mucus.Ruas-Madiedo P, Gueimonde M, Margolles A, de los Reyes-Gavilan CG, Salminen SJ Food Prot10.4315/0362-028x-69.8.20112006Antibiosis, Bacterial Adhesion/*physiology, Bifidobacterium/*physiology, Enterobacteriaceae/*growth & development, Food Microbiology, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa/*microbiology, Lactobacillus rhamnosus/*physiology, Polysaccharides, Bacterial/*physiology, *Probiotics, Species SpecificityPathogenicity
Pathogenicity17080376Experimental evaluation of an automated endoscope reprocessor with in situ generation of peracetic acid for disinfection of semicritical devices.Sattar SA, Kibbee RJ, Tetro JA, Rook TAInfect Control Hosp Epidemiol10.1086/5088302006Cross Infection/prevention & control, Disinfectants/*pharmacology, Disinfection/*instrumentation/*methods, Endoscopes/classification/*microbiology, Equipment Contamination/*prevention & control, Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects, Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects, Humans, Infection Control/methods, Peracetic Acid/*pharmacology, Spores, Bacterial/drug effectsPhylogeny
Metabolism21746858Identification of a novel virulence factor in Clostridium difficile that modulates toxin sensitivity of cultured epithelial cells.Miura M, Kato H, Matsushita OInfect Immun10.1128/IAI.00051-112011Actins/metabolism, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/*toxicity, Bacterial Toxins/metabolism/*toxicity, Base Sequence, Caco-2 Cells, Cell Line, Clostridioides difficile/genetics/metabolism/*pathogenicity, Culture Media, Conditioned, Enterotoxins/metabolism/*toxicity, Epithelial Cells/*drug effects/microbiology, Glutathione Transferase/metabolism, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Virulence Factors/genetics/*toxicityPathogenicity
Pathogenicity22878397Sensitivity of pathogenic and commensal bacteria from the human colon to essential oils.Thapa D, Losa R, Zweifel B, Wallace RJMicrobiology (Reading)10.1099/mic.0.061127-02012Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Colon/*microbiology, Gram-Negative Bacteria/*drug effects/growth & development, Gram-Positive Bacteria/*drug effects/growth & development, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Oils, Volatile/*pharmacology, Plant Oils/*pharmacology
Pathogenicity23437164Using phenotype microarrays to determine culture conditions that induce or repress toxin production by Clostridium difficile and other microorganisms.Lei XH, Bochner BRPLoS One10.1371/journal.pone.00565452013Bacterial Toxins/*chemistry/isolation & purification, Cell Culture Techniques/*methods, Clostridioides difficile/*chemistry/growth & development/pathogenicity, Culture Media/chemistry, Cytotoxins/isolation & purification, Humans, *Protein Array AnalysisEnzymology
Enzymology23772070Effect of an oxygen-tolerant bifurcating butyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase/electron-transferring flavoprotein complex from Clostridium difficile on butyrate production in Escherichia coli.Aboulnaga el-H, Pinkenburg O, Schiffels J, El-Refai A, Buckel W, Selmer TJ Bacteriol10.1128/JB.00321-132013Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism, Butyrates/*metabolism, Butyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase/genetics/*metabolism, Cloning, Molecular, Clostridioides difficile/enzymology/genetics/*metabolism, Electron-Transferring Flavoproteins/genetics/*metabolism, Escherichia coli/genetics/*metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/physiology, *Oxygen, Recombinant ProteinsMetabolism
Pathogenicity24083511Growth-Inhibiting and morphostructural effects of constituents identified in Asarum heterotropoides root on human intestinal bacteria.Perumalsamy H, Jung MY, Hong SM, Ahn YJBMC Complement Altern Med10.1186/1472-6882-13-2452013Asarum/*chemistry, Bacteria/*drug effects, Cell Shape/drug effects, Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects/*microbiology, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Microbiota/*drug effects, Plant Extracts/chemistry/*pharmacology, Plant Roots/chemistry
Pathogenicity24422950Prevention of Clostridium difficile spore formation by sub-inhibitory concentrations of tigecycline and piperacillin/tazobactam.Garneau JR, Valiquette L, Fortier LCBMC Infect Dis10.1186/1471-2334-14-292014Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage, Ciprofloxacin/administration & dosage, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects, Humans, Metronidazole/administration & dosage, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Minocycline/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives, Penicillanic Acid/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives, Piperacillin/administration & dosage, Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination, Ribotyping, Spores, Bacterial, Tazobactam, Tigecycline, Vancomycin/administration & dosage
Pathogenicity25181951Biofilm formation of Clostridium difficile and susceptibility to Manuka honey.Hammond EN, Donkor ES, Brown CABMC Complement Altern Med10.1186/1472-6882-14-3292014Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Biofilms/*drug effects, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects/*physiology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, *Honey, Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Pathogenicity25298160Selective growth-inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline towards Clostridium difficile and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum in co-culture analysed by flow cytometry.Novakova J, Dzunkova M, Musilova S, Vlkova E, Kokoska L, Moya A, D'Auria GJ Med Microbiol10.1099/jmm.0.080796-02014Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Bifidobacterium/*drug effects/*growth & development, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects/*growth & development, Flow Cytometry, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Microbial Interactions, Oxyquinoline/*pharmacology
Pathogenicity25527140Effect of airborne hydrogen peroxide on spores of Clostridium difficile.Steindl G, Fiedler A, Huhulescu S, Wewalka G, Allerberger FWien Klin Wochenschr10.1007/s00508-014-0682-62014Aerosols/pharmacology, Air, Cell Proliferation/drug effects/physiology, Cell Survival/drug effects/physiology, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects/*growth & development, Disinfection/*methods, Equipment Contamination/*prevention & control, Equipment and Supplies/*microbiology, Hydrogen Peroxide/*pharmacology, Spores, Bacterial/drug effects/growth & development
Pathogenicity26436983Monitoring in real time the cytotoxic effect of Clostridium difficile upon the intestinal epithelial cell line HT29.Valdes L, Gueimonde M, Ruas-Madiedo PJ Microbiol Methods10.1016/j.mimet.2015.09.0222015Bacterial Toxins/genetics/*metabolism/*toxicity, Cell Proliferation/drug effects, Clostridioides difficile/genetics/*metabolism, Clostridium Infections/*microbiology, Cytological Techniques/*methods, HT29 Cells, Humans, Intestines/*drug effects/*microbiologyMetabolism
Genetics26450746Complete Genome Sequence of the Clostridium difficile Type Strain DSM 1296T.Riedel T, Bunk B, Wittmann J, Thurmer A, Sproer C, Gronow S, Liesegang H, Daniel R, Overmann JGenome Announc10.1128/genomeA.01186-152015
26468159The effect of polydextrose and probiotic lactobacilli in a Clostridium difficile-infected human colonic model.Forssten SD, Roytio H, Hibberd AA, Ouwehand ACMicrob Ecol Health Dis10.3402/mehd.v26.279882015
Pathogenicity27133281Impact of standard test protocols on sporicidal efficacy.Wesgate R, Rauwel G, Criquelion J, Maillard JYJ Hosp Infect10.1016/j.jhin.2016.03.0182016Bacillus subtilis/*drug effects/physiology, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects/physiology, Disinfectants/*pharmacology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests/*methods/standards, Microbial Viability/*drug effects, Spores, Bacterial/*drug effects/physiology
27148250Screening of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli Able to Antagonize the Cytotoxic Effect of Clostridium difficile upon Intestinal Epithelial HT29 Monolayer.Valdes-Varela L, Alonso-Guervos M, Garcia-Suarez O, Gueimonde M, Ruas-Madiedo PFront Microbiol10.3389/fmicb.2016.005772016
27242753Effect of Bifidobacterium upon Clostridium difficile Growth and Toxicity When Co-cultured in Different Prebiotic Substrates.Valdes-Varela L, Hernandez-Barranco AM, Ruas-Madiedo P, Gueimonde MFront Microbiol10.3389/fmicb.2016.007382016
27375748Subboiling Moist Heat Favors the Selection of Enteric Pathogen Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 078 Spores in Food.Rodriguez-Palacios A, Ilic S, LeJeune JTCan J Infect Dis Med Microbiol10.1155/2016/14624052016
Pathogenicity28286152Toxin production of Clostridium difficile in sub-MIC of vancomycin and clindamycin alone and in combination with ceftazidime.Zarandi ER, Mansouri S, Nakhaee N, Sarafzadeh F, Moradi MMicrob Pathog10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.0022017Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Bacterial Proteins/genetics, Bacterial Toxins/*biosynthesis/genetics, Ceftazidime/*pharmacology, Clindamycin/*pharmacology, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects/growth & development/isolation & purification/*metabolism, Colony Count, Microbial, Diarrhea/*drug therapy, Drug Combinations, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Enterotoxins/genetics, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Time Factors, Vancomycin/*pharmacologyBiotechnology
Pathogenicity30273671Co-infection of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile GMU1 and Bacillus cereus GMU2 in one patient in Guizhou, China.Hong W, Cheng Y, Rao F, Yang J, Cui G, Chen Z, Liao J, Huang X, Zhang J, Wang P, Wang S, Wang Y, Guan Z, Qi XAnaerobe10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.08.0042018Aged, Ampicillin/administration & dosage, Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage, Bacillus cereus/classification/drug effects/genetics/*isolation & purification, China, Clostridioides difficile/drug effects/genetics/*isolation & purification/physiology, Coinfection/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology, Genotype, Humans, Male, Vancomycin/administration & dosagePhylogeny
Pathogenicity30322417From ward to washer: The survival of Clostridium difficile spores on hospital bed sheets through a commercial UK NHS healthcare laundry process.Tarrant J, Jenkins RO, Laird KTInfect Control Hosp Epidemiol10.1017/ice.2018.2552018Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects/physiology, Cross Infection/microbiology/prevention & control/transmission, Disinfectants/pharmacology, Disinfection/*methods, Hospital Units, Housekeeping, Hospital, Humans, Hydrogen Peroxide/*pharmacology, *Laundering, Sodium Hypochlorite/*pharmacology, Spores, Bacterial/*drug effects/physiology, United Kingdom
30564210Effect of Bifidobacterium breve in Combination With Different Antibiotics on Clostridium difficile.Yang J, Yang HFront Microbiol10.3389/fmicb.2018.029532018
Pathogenicity30669805[A study on clinical application of a novel reagent detecting toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile].Wang SM, Wang ZYZhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2018.48.0132018Bacterial Toxins, *Clostridioides difficile, *Clostridium Infections, Feces, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction
Pathogenicity31440478Antibacterial Activity of Bifidobacterium breve Against Clostridioides difficile.Yang J, Yang HFront Cell Infect Microbiol10.3389/fcimb.2019.002882019Anti-Bacterial Agents/biosynthesis/pharmacology, *Antibiosis, Bifidobacterium breve/*physiology/ultrastructure, Clostridioides difficile/drug effects/*physiology/ultrastructure, Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests, Enterotoxins/biosynthesis/genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Permeability, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
31921877In vitro Study of Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1518 in Healthy and Clostridioides difficile Colonized Elderly Gut Microbiota.Fehlbaum S, Chassard C, Schwab C, Voolaid M, Fourmestraux C, Derrien M, Lacroix CFront Nutr10.3389/fnut.2019.001842019
Pathogenicity32140903The effect of berberine chloride and/or its combination with vancomycin on the growth, biofilm formation, and motility of Clostridioides difficile.Wultanska D, Piotrowski M, Pituch HEur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis10.1007/s10096-020-03857-02020Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Berberine/chemistry/*pharmacology, Biofilms/*drug effects/growth & development, Chlorides/chemistry/pharmacology, Clostridioides difficile/classification/*drug effects/isolation & purification/physiology, Clostridium Infections/microbiology, Drug Synergism, Humans, Locomotion/*drug effects, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Microbial Viability/drug effects, Vancomycin/*pharmacologyPhylogeny
32322375Toxin A and B genes expression of Clostridium difficile in the sub-minimum inhibitory concentration of clindamycin, vancomycin and in combination with ceftazidime.Moradi M, Mansouri S, Nakhaee N, Sarafzadeh F, Zarandi ERIran J Microbiol2020
Transcriptome32849451Transcriptome Analysis of the Clostridioides difficile Response to Different Doses of Bifidobacterium breve.Yang J, Yang HFront Microbiol10.3389/fmicb.2020.018632020
344513912'FL and LNnT Exert Antipathogenic Effects against C. difficile ATCC 9689 In Vitro, Coinciding with Increased Levels of Bifidobacteriaceae and/or Secondary Bile Acids.Vigsnaes LK, Ghyselinck J, Van den Abbeele P, McConnell B, Moens F, Marzorati M, Bajic DPathogens10.3390/pathogens100809272021
Pathogenicity35278711Molecular characterization of Clostridioides difficile by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST): A study from tertiary care center in India.Chaudhry R, Sharma N, Bahadur T, Khullar S, Agarwal SK, Gahlowt A, Gupta N, Kumar L, Kabra SK, Dey ABAnaerobe10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.1025452022*Bacterial Toxins/genetics, Clostridioides, *Clostridioides difficile/genetics, *Clostridium Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology, Diarrhea/epidemiology, Humans, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Tertiary Care Centers
36364211The Effect of Selected Bee Products on Adhesion and Biofilm of Clostridioides difficile Strains Belonging to Different Ribotypes.Wultanska D, Paterczyk B, Nowakowska J, Pituch HMolecules10.3390/molecules272173852022Bees, Animals, Ribotyping, *Clostridioides difficile, Clostridioides, *Propolis/pharmacology, Biofilms, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, *Honey, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use

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20215Parte, A.C., Sardà Carbasse, J., Meier-Kolthoff, J.P., Reimer, L.C. and Göker, M.10.1099/ijsem.0.004332List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ
20218Verslyppe, B., De Smet, W., De Baets, B., De Vos, P., Dawyndt P.10.1016/j.syapm.2013.11.002StrainInfo introduces electronic passports for microorganisms.Syst Appl Microbiol. 37: 42-50 201424321274
36612Curators of the CIPhttps://brclims.pasteur.fr/brcWeb/souche/detail/1/16173
44808Curators of the CCUGCulture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG) (CCUG 4938)https://www.ccug.se/strain?id=4938
66792Julia Koblitz, Joaquim Sardà, Lorenz Christian Reimer, Boyke Bunk, Jörg Overmannhttps://diaspora-project.de/progress.html#genomesAutomatically annotated for the DiASPora project (Digital Approaches for the Synthesis of Poorly Accessible Biodiversity Information)
67770Curators of the JCMhttps://jcm.brc.riken.jp/en/
68367Automatically annotated from API 20A
68380Automatically annotated from API rID32A
68382Automatically annotated from API zym
69479João F Matias Rodrigues, Janko Tackmann,Gregor Rot, Thomas SB Schmidt, Lukas Malfertheiner, Mihai Danaila,Marija Dmitrijeva, Daniela Gaio, Nicolas Näpflin and Christian von Mering. University of Zurich.https://microbeatlas.org/MicrobeAtlas 1.0 beta
72115Reimer, L.C., Lissin, A.,Schober, I., Witte,J.F., Podstawka, A., Lüken, H., Bunk, B.,Overmann, J.10.60712/SI-ID377146.1StrainInfo: A central database for resolving microbial strain identifiers
118934Curators of the CIPCollection of Institut Pasteur (CIP 104282)https://catalogue-crbip.pasteur.fr/fiche_catalogue.xhtml?crbip=CIP%20104282