Strain identifier
BacDive ID: 137139
Type strain: 
Species: Clostridioides difficile
Strain history: CIP <- 2008, Ph. Bouvet, Inst. Pasteur, Paris, France: strain AIP 10044, Clostridium difficile <- T. D. Wilkins
NCBI tax ID(s): 499175 (strain), 1496 (species)
version 8.1 (current version)
General
@ref: 37003
BacDive-ID: 137139
keywords: genome sequence, Bacteria, anaerobe, spore-forming, mesophilic, Gram-positive
description: Clostridioides difficile CIP 109240 is an anaerobe, spore-forming, mesophilic bacterium that was isolated from Human abdominal wound.
NCBI tax id
| NCBI tax id | Matching level |
|---|---|
| 499175 | strain |
| 1496 | species |
strain history
- @ref: 37003
- history: CIP <- 2008, Ph. Bouvet, Inst. Pasteur, Paris, France: strain AIP 10044, Clostridium difficile <- T. D. Wilkins
doi: 10.13145/bacdive137139.20230509.8.1
Name and taxonomic classification
LPSN
- @ref: 20215
- description: domain/bacteria
- keyword: phylum/bacillota
- domain: Bacteria
- phylum: Bacillota
- class: Clostridia
- order: Eubacteriales
- family: Peptostreptococcaceae
- genus: Clostridioides
- species: Clostridioides difficile
- full scientific name: Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Lawson et al. 2016
synonyms
@ref synonym 20215 Bacillus difficilis 20215 Peptoclostridium difficile 20215 Clostridium difficile
@ref: 37003
domain: Bacteria
phylum: Firmicutes
class: Clostridia
order: Eubacteriales
family: Peptostreptococcaceae
genus: Clostridioides
species: Clostridioides difficile
type strain: no
Morphology
cell morphology
| @ref | gram stain | confidence | cell shape | motility |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 69480 | positive | 100 | ||
| 37003 | positive | rod-shaped | no |
Culture and growth conditions
culture medium
| @ref | name | growth | link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37003 | Columbia sang de cheval-Biorad | yes | |
| 37003 | CIP Medium 20 | yes | https://catalogue-crbip.pasteur.fr/fiche_milieu.xhtml?crbip=20 |
| 37003 | CIP Medium 655 | yes | https://catalogue-crbip.pasteur.fr/fiche_milieu.xhtml?crbip=655 |
| 37003 | CIP Medium 6-Boites-Biorad | yes | https://catalogue-crbip.pasteur.fr/fiche_milieu.xhtml?crbip=6-Boites-Biorad |
culture temp
| @ref | growth | type | temperature | range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 37003 | positive | growth | 37 | mesophilic |
| 46967 | positive | growth | 37 | mesophilic |
Physiology and metabolism
oxygen tolerance
| @ref | oxygen tolerance | confidence |
|---|---|---|
| 46967 | anaerobe | |
| 69480 | anaerobe | 99.723 |
| 37003 | anaerobe |
spore formation
| @ref | spore formation | confidence |
|---|---|---|
| 69481 | yes | 100 |
| 69480 | yes | 99.164 |
metabolite utilization
| @ref | Chebi-ID | metabolite | utilization activity | kind of utilization tested |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 37003 | 17632 | nitrate | + | reduction |
| 37003 | 16301 | nitrite | + | reduction |
| 68380 | 16199 | urea | - | hydrolysis |
| 68380 | 29016 | arginine | - | hydrolysis |
| 68380 | 16024 | D-mannose | - | fermentation |
| 68380 | 16634 | raffinose | - | fermentation |
| 68380 | 29985 | L-glutamate | - | degradation |
| 68380 | 17632 | nitrate | - | reduction |
| 68380 | 27897 | tryptophan | - | energy source |
metabolite production
| @ref | Chebi-ID | metabolite | production |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37003 | 35581 | indole | no |
| 68380 | 35581 | indole | no |
metabolite tests
- @ref: 68380
- Chebi-ID: 35581
- metabolite: indole
- indole test: -
enzymes
| @ref | value | activity | ec |
|---|---|---|---|
| 68380 | serine arylamidase | - | |
| 68380 | glutamyl-glutamate arylamidase | - | |
| 68380 | histidine arylamidase | - | |
| 68380 | glycin arylamidase | - | |
| 68380 | alanine arylamidase | - | 3.4.11.2 |
| 68380 | tyrosine arylamidase | - | |
| 68380 | pyrrolidonyl arylamidase | - | 3.4.19.3 |
| 68380 | leucine arylamidase | - | 3.4.11.1 |
| 68380 | phenylalanine arylamidase | - | |
| 68380 | leucyl glycin arylamidase | - | 3.4.11.1 |
| 68380 | proline-arylamidase | + | 3.4.11.5 |
| 68380 | L-arginine arylamidase | - | |
| 68380 | alkaline phosphatase | - | 3.1.3.1 |
| 68380 | tryptophan deaminase | - | 4.1.99.1 |
| 68380 | alpha-fucosidase | - | 3.2.1.51 |
| 68380 | glutamate decarboxylase | - | 4.1.1.15 |
| 68380 | N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase | - | 3.2.1.52 |
| 68380 | beta-glucuronidase | - | 3.2.1.31 |
| 68380 | alpha-arabinosidase | - | 3.2.1.55 |
| 68380 | beta-glucosidase | - | 3.2.1.21 |
| 68380 | alpha-glucosidase | - | 3.2.1.20 |
| 68380 | beta-Galactosidase 6-phosphate | - | |
| 68380 | beta-galactosidase | - | 3.2.1.23 |
| 68380 | alpha-galactosidase | - | 3.2.1.22 |
| 68380 | arginine dihydrolase | - | 3.5.3.6 |
| 68380 | urease | - | 3.5.1.5 |
| 37003 | oxidase | - | |
| 37003 | catalase | - | 1.11.1.6 |
| 37003 | urease | - | 3.5.1.5 |
| 68382 | alkaline phosphatase | - | 3.1.3.1 |
| 68382 | esterase (C 4) | + | |
| 68382 | esterase lipase (C 8) | - | |
| 68382 | lipase (C 14) | - | |
| 68382 | leucine arylamidase | - | 3.4.11.1 |
| 68382 | valine arylamidase | - | |
| 68382 | cystine arylamidase | - | 3.4.11.3 |
| 68382 | trypsin | - | 3.4.21.4 |
| 68382 | alpha-chymotrypsin | - | 3.4.21.1 |
| 68382 | acid phosphatase | - | 3.1.3.2 |
| 68382 | naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase | - | |
| 68382 | alpha-galactosidase | - | 3.2.1.22 |
| 68382 | beta-galactosidase | - | 3.2.1.23 |
| 68382 | beta-glucuronidase | - | 3.2.1.31 |
| 68382 | alpha-glucosidase | - | 3.2.1.20 |
| 68382 | beta-glucosidase | - | 3.2.1.21 |
| 68382 | N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase | - | 3.2.1.52 |
| 68382 | alpha-mannosidase | - | 3.2.1.24 |
| 68382 | alpha-fucosidase | - | 3.2.1.51 |
fatty acid profile
@ref fatty acid percentage ECL 46967 C12:0 4.2 12 46967 C14:0 4.7 14 46967 C16:0 16.2 16 46967 C18:0 2.6 18 46967 C10:0 ISO 2.2 9.605 46967 C12:0 ISO 2.8 11.608 46967 C16:0 iso 3.2 15.626 46967 C16:0 ISO DMA ? 4 16.107 46967 C16:1 ω7c 8.7 15.819 46967 C16:1 ω9c 4.3 15.774 46967 C17:1 ISO I/C16:0 DMA 23.4 16.481 46967 C18:1 ω7c /12t/9t 3 17.824 46967 C18:1 ω9c 7.1 17.769 46967 C18:2 ω6,9c/C18:0 ANTE 1.9 17.724 46967 C19:1 ISO I 3.5 18.473 46967 Unidentified 4 9.752 46967 unknown 14.966 4.3 14.966 - type of FA analysis: whole cell analysis
- method/protocol: CCUG
@ref fatty acid percentage ECL 46967 C12:0 1.8 12 46967 C14:0 2.1 14 46967 C16:0 11.9 16 46967 C18:0 7.1 18 46967 C10:0 ISO 0.8 9.605 46967 11 methyl 18:1 ω7c 1.7 18.081 46967 C12:0 ISO 1.4 11.608 46967 C16:0 aldehyde 4.5 14.949 46967 C16:0 iso 3.4 15.626 46967 C16:0 ISO DMA ? 3.4 16.107 46967 C16:1 ISO H 1.1 15.461 46967 C16:1 ω7c 4.6 15.819 46967 C16:1 ω9c 2.6 15.774 46967 C17:0 10-methyl 1.6 17.41 46967 C17:0 CYCLO 2.9 16.888 46967 C17:1 ISO I/C16:0 DMA 16.7 16.481 46967 C18:0 ISO 1.8 17.632 46967 C18:1 ISO H 2 17.46 46967 C18:1 ω7c /12t/9t 2.6 17.824 46967 C18:1 ω9c 6 17.769 46967 C18:2 ω6,9c/C18:0 ANTE 2.6 17.724 46967 C19:0 CYCLO ω9c 6.7 18.87 46967 C19:1 ISO I 5.6 18.473 46967 Unidentified 1 14.566 46967 Unidentified 0.8 15.401 46967 unknown 16.972 1.2 16.972 46967 unknown 9.730 2.2 9.73 - type of FA analysis: whole cell analysis
- method/protocol: CCUG
API zym
| @ref | Control | Alkaline phosphatase | Esterase | Esterase Lipase | Lipase | Leucine arylamidase | Valine arylamidase | Cystine arylamidase | Trypsin | alpha- Chymotrypsin | Acid phosphatase | Naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase | alpha- Galactosidase | beta- Galactosidase | beta- Glucuronidase | alpha- Glucosidase | beta- Glucosidase | N-acetyl-beta- glucosaminidase | alpha- Mannosidase | alpha- Fucosidase |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 37003 | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
API rID32A
| @ref | URE | ADH Arg | alpha GAL | beta GAL | beta GP | alpha GLU | beta GLU | alpha ARA | beta GUR | beta NAG | MNE | RAF | GDC | alpha FUC | NIT | IND | PAL | ArgA | ProA | LGA | PheA | LeuA | PyrA | TyrA | AlaA | GlyA | HisA | GGA | SerA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46967 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Isolation, sampling and environmental information
isolation
| @ref | sample type | isolation date |
|---|---|---|
| 46967 | Human abdominal wound | |
| 37003 | Human, Abdominal wound | 1986 |
isolation source categories
| Cat1 | Cat2 | Cat3 |
|---|---|---|
| #Host Body-Site | #Other | #Abdomen |
| #Host Body-Site | #Other | #Wound |
| #Host | #Human |
Safety information
risk assessment
- @ref: 37003
- biosafety level: 2
- biosafety level comment: Risk group (French classification)
Sequence information
Genome sequences
| @ref | description | accession | assembly level | database | NCBI tax ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 66792 | Clostridioides difficile ATCC 43255 | GCA_000155025 | chromosome | ncbi | 499175 |
| 66792 | Clostridioides difficile VPI 10463 | GCA_001995155 | contig | ncbi | 1496 |
| 66792 | Clostridioides difficile strain VPI 10463 | 1496.1555 | wgs | patric | 1496 |
| 66792 | Clostridium difficile ATCC 43255 | 499175.4 | wgs | patric | 499175 |
| 66792 | Clostridioides difficile ATCC 43255 | 2512047057 | draft | img | 499175 |
| 66792 | Clostridioides difficile ATCC 43255 | GCA_015238635 | complete | ncbi | 1496 |
Genome-based predictions
predictions
| trait | prediction | confidence | training_data |
|---|---|---|---|
| spore-forming | yes | 100 | no |
| motile | yes | 75.886 | no |
| flagellated | no | 66.957 | no |
| gram-positive | yes | 91.799 | no |
| anaerobic | yes | 98.824 | yes |
| aerobic | no | 97.453 | yes |
| halophile | no | 94.243 | no |
| spore-forming | yes | 94.752 | no |
| thermophile | no | 93.447 | no |
| glucose-util | yes | 88.181 | no |
| glucose-ferment | yes | 58.027 | no |
External links
@ref: 37003
culture collection no.: CIP 109240, ATCC 43255, CCUG 19126, VPI 10463
straininfo link
- @ref: 94102
- straininfo: 41740
literature
| topic | Pubmed-ID | title | authors | journal | DOI | year | mesh | topic2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enzymology | 1588579 | Proteolytic activity of Clostridium difficile. | Seddon SV, Borriello SP | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/00222615-36-5-307 | 1992 | Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Clostridioides difficile/*enzymology/pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/microbiology, Endopeptidases/isolation & purification/*metabolism, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Molecular Sequence Data, Sheep, Substrate Specificity, Temperature, Virulence | Genetics |
| Metabolism | 1603068 | Comparative sequence analysis of the Clostridium difficile toxins A and B. | von Eichel-Streiber C, Laufenberg-Feldmann R, Sartingen S, Schulze J, Sauerborn M | Mol Gen Genet | 10.1007/BF00587587 | 1992 | Amino Acid Sequence, Antibodies, Monoclonal, *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/*genetics/metabolism, Base Sequence, Blotting, Western, Clostridioides difficile/*genetics, Cross Reactions, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Recombinant/genetics, Enterotoxins/*genetics/metabolism, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Recombinant Proteins/genetics/metabolism, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Restriction Mapping, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid | Pathogenicity |
| Pathogenicity | 1910012 | Cytokine response by human monocytes to Clostridium difficile toxin A and toxin B. | Flegel WA, Muller F, Daubener W, Fischer HG, Hadding U, Northoff H | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.59.10.3659-3666.1991 | 1991 | *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/*toxicity, Blood Physiological Phenomena, Clostridioides difficile/*pathogenicity, Cytotoxins/*toxicity, Drug Synergism, *Enterotoxins, Hot Temperature, Humans, Interleukin-1/*metabolism, Interleukin-6/*metabolism, Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity, Monocytes/*drug effects/metabolism, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*metabolism | Metabolism |
| Pathogenicity | 2105276 | Molecular characterization of the Clostridium difficile toxin A gene. | Dove CH, Wang SZ, Price SB, Phelps CJ, Lyerly DM, Wilkins TD, Johnson JL | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.58.2.480-488.1990 | 1990 | Amino Acid Sequence, Bacterial Toxins/analysis/*genetics, Base Sequence, Clostridium/*pathogenicity, Enterotoxins/*genetics, *Genes, Bacterial, Molecular Sequence Data | Genetics |
| Enzymology | 2467163 | Purification of two high molecular weight toxins of Clostridium difficile which are antigenically related. | von Eichel-Streiber C, Harperath U, Bosse D, Hadding U | Microb Pathog | 10.1016/0882-4010(87)90073-8 | 1987 | Animals, Bacterial Toxins/immunology/*isolation & purification/toxicity, Cell Line, Cell Survival/drug effects, Clostridium/*growth & development, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Epitopes/*analysis, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C | Pathogenicity |
| Pathogenicity | 2504650 | Evolution of the caecal epithelial barrier during Clostridium difficile infection in the mouse. | Heyman M, Corthier G, Lucas F, Meslin JC, Desjeux JF | Gut | 10.1136/gut.30.8.1087 | 1989 | Animals, *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology, Cecum/drug effects/*metabolism, Clostridium, Cytotoxins/pharmacology, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/*metabolism, Enterotoxins/pharmacology, Epithelium/drug effects/metabolism, Horseradish Peroxidase/pharmacokinetics, Mice, Mice, Inbred C3H, Permeability | Metabolism |
| Enzymology | 2506313 | Cloning and characterization of overlapping DNA fragments of the toxin A gene of clostridium difficile. | von Eichel-Streiber C, Suckau D, Wachter M, Hadding U | J Gen Microbiol | 10.1099/00221287-135-1-55 | 1989 | Bacterial Toxins/*genetics, Blotting, Western, Cloning, Molecular, Clostridium/*genetics, DNA, Bacterial/*analysis, *Enterotoxins, *Genes, Bacterial, Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism, Restriction Mapping | Pathogenicity |
| Pathogenicity | 3128476 | Clostridium difficile toxins A and B inhibit human immune response in vitro. | Daubener W, Leiser E, von Eichel-Streiber C, Hadding U | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.56.5.1107-1112.1988 | 1988 | *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/*pharmacology, *Enterotoxins, Humans, In Vitro Techniques, Interleukin-2/pharmacology, Lymphocyte Activation/*drug effects, Mitogens/pharmacology, Monocytes/drug effects/*immunology, T-Lymphocytes/drug effects/*immunology | |
| Pathogenicity | 6500693 | Differential cytotoxic effects of toxins A and B isolated from Clostridium difficile. | Rothman SW, Brown JE, Diecidue A, Foret DA | Infect Immun | 10.1128/iai.46.2.324-331.1984 | 1984 | *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/isolation & purification/*toxicity, Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects, Clostridium/*pathogenicity, Cytotoxins/*toxicity, Energy Metabolism/drug effects, HeLa Cells/drug effects, Humans, Molecular Weight, Potassium/metabolism, Protein Biosynthesis | Phylogeny |
| Pathogenicity | 7494480 | Closing in on the toxic domain through analysis of a variant Clostridium difficile cytotoxin B. | von Eichel-Streiber C, Meyer zu Heringdorf D, Habermann E, Sartingen S | Mol Microbiol | 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_17020313.x | 1995 | Actins/drug effects, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/*genetics/*toxicity, Base Sequence, Cell Line, Cloning, Molecular, Clostridioides difficile/*chemistry/genetics, Clostridium/chemistry, Cytotoxins/*genetics/*toxicity, Endothelium, Vascular/cytology, Genes, Bacterial/genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Open Reading Frames/genetics, Restriction Mapping, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Swine | Enzymology |
| Metabolism | 7793964 | Enhanced fermentation of mannitol and release of cytotoxin by Clostridium difficile in alkaline culture media. | Kazamias MT, Sperry JF | Appl Environ Microbiol | 10.1128/aem.61.6.2425-2427.1995 | 1995 | Clostridioides difficile/*metabolism, Culture Media, Cytotoxins/metabolism, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Mannitol/*metabolism | Cultivation |
| Pathogenicity | 7966203 | Toxin production by Clostridium difficile in a defined medium with limited amino acids. | Yamakawa K, Kamiya S, Meng XQ, Karasawa T, Nakamura S | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/00222615-41-5-319 | 1994 | Amino Acids/metabolism, *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/*biosynthesis, Clostridioides difficile/growth & development/*metabolism, Culture Media, Cytotoxins/*biosynthesis, Enterotoxins/*biosynthesis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans | Metabolism |
| Pathogenicity | 8013869 | Haemagglutination activity of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile. | Meng XQ, Yamakawa K, Ogura H, Nakamura S | FEMS Microbiol Lett | 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06816.x | 1994 | Animals, Bacterial Toxins/*analysis/immunology/toxicity, Cell Fractionation, Cell Line, Clostridioides difficile/*immunology/pathogenicity, Enterotoxins/*analysis, *Hemagglutination, Hemagglutinins/*analysis/immunology/toxicity, Neutralization Tests, Rabbits | |
| Pathogenicity | 8510136 | Serogroup F strains of Clostridium difficile produce toxin B but not toxin A. | Depitre C, Delmee M, Avesani V, L'Haridon R, Roels A, Popoff M, Corthier G | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/00222615-38-6-434 | 1993 | Animals, *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/*analysis/genetics/toxicity, Base Sequence, Clostridioides difficile/*chemistry/classification/pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/microbiology, Enterotoxins/*analysis/genetics/toxicity, Feces/microbiology, Genes, Bacterial/genetics, Germ-Free Life, Humans, Mice, Mice, Inbred C3H, Molecular Sequence Data, Serotyping, Virulence | Genetics |
| Enzymology | 8825908 | The toxigenic element of Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463. | Hammond GA, Johnson JL | Microb Pathog | 10.1016/s0882-4010(95)90263-5 | 1995 | Bacterial Toxins/*genetics, Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics, Cloning, Molecular, Clostridioides difficile/*genetics, DNA Transposable Elements/genetics, DNA, Bacterial/*genetics, Genes, Bacterial/*genetics | Pathogenicity |
| Stress | 8833929 | [Study of the thermoresistance of Clostridium difficile spores]. | Meisel-Mikolajczyk F, Kaliszuk-Kaminska E, Martirosian G | Med Dosw Mikrobiol | 1995 | Clostridioides difficile/*growth & development, *Hot Temperature, Species Specificity, Spores, Bacterial/*physiology | Phylogeny | |
| Pathogenicity | 8973304 | Definition of the single integration site of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile. | Braun V, Hundsberger T, Leukel P, Sauerborn M, von Eichel-Streiber C | Gene | 10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00398-8 | 1996 | ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics, Amino Acid Sequence, *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/*genetics, Base Sequence, Clostridioides difficile/genetics/*pathogenicity, DNA Transposable Elements, DNA, Bacterial, Enterotoxins/*genetics, Humans, Intestines/microbiology, Molecular Sequence Data, Open Reading Frames, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Species Specificity, Virulence/genetics | Genetics |
| Pathogenicity | 9038324 | Positive regulation of Clostridium difficile toxins. | Moncrief JS, Barroso LA, Wilkins TD | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.65.3.1105-1108.1997 | 1997 | Amino Acid Sequence, *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/*genetics, Clostridioides difficile/genetics/*pathogenicity, Enterotoxins/*genetics, *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Molecular Sequence Data, *Promoter Regions, Genetic | Genetics |
| Enzymology | 9075217 | Transcriptional analysis of the toxigenic element of Clostridium difficile. | Hammond GA, Lyerly DM, Johnson JL | Microb Pathog | 10.1006/mpat.1996.0100 | 1997 | Bacterial Toxins/*genetics/immunology/metabolism, Bacteriophages/genetics, Base Sequence, Cloning, Molecular, Clostridioides difficile/*genetics, Codon, Initiator, DNA Primers/genetics, DNA, Bacterial/genetics/isolation & purification, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Open Reading Frames, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Promoter Regions, Genetic, RNA, Bacterial/genetics/isolation & purification, Sequence Analysis, DNA, *Transcription, Genetic, Virulence/genetics | Phylogeny |
| Pathogenicity | 9108241 | Transcription analysis of the genes tcdA-E of the pathogenicity locus of Clostridium difficile. | Hundsberger T, Braun V, Weidmann M, Leukel P, Sauerborn M, von Eichel-Streiber C | Eur J Biochem | 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-1-00735.x | 1997 | Amino Acid Sequence, Bacterial Proteins/genetics, Bacterial Toxins/genetics, Base Sequence, Clostridioides difficile/*genetics/growth & development/*pathogenicity, DNA Primers/genetics, DNA, Bacterial/genetics, DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics, Enterotoxins/genetics, *Genes, Bacterial, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Repressor Proteins/genetics, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Transcription, Genetic, Virulence/genetics | Genetics |
| Pathogenicity | 9638867 | Effect of isoleucine on toxin production by Clostridium difficile in a defined medium. | Ikeda D, Karasawa T, Yamakawa K, Tanaka R, Namiki M, Nakamura S | Zentralbl Bakteriol | 10.1016/s0934-8840(98)80174-6 | 1998 | Amino Acids, *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/*biosynthesis, Clostridioides difficile/drug effects/*metabolism, Culture Media, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Enterotoxins/*biosynthesis, Isoleucine/*metabolism/pharmacology, Time Factors | Metabolism |
| Pathogenicity | 10204609 | Laboratory diagnosis of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction: presence of toxin genes and their stable expression in toxigenic isolates from Japanese individuals. | Karasawa T, Nojiri T, Hayashi Y, Maegawa T, Yamakawa K, Wang XM, Nakamura S | J Gastroenterol | 10.1007/s005350050214 | 1999 | Adult, *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/biosynthesis/*genetics, Clostridioides difficile/*genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism, Culture Techniques, DNA Primers/chemistry, DNA, Bacterial/*analysis, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/diagnosis/*microbiology/pathology, Enterotoxins/biosynthesis/*genetics, Gene Expression, Humans, Japan, *Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity | Enzymology |
| Metabolism | 10341072 | Detection and transcription of toxin DNA in a nontoxigenic strain of Clostridium difficile. | Mathis JN, Pilkinton L, McMillin DE | Curr Microbiol | 10.1007/pl00006811 | 1999 | *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/biosynthesis/*genetics, Clostridioides difficile/*genetics/metabolism, DNA, Bacterial/genetics, Enterotoxins/biosynthesis/*genetics, Gene Expression, Genes, Bacterial, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism, RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism, *Transcription, Genetic | Pathogenicity |
| Metabolism | 10439407 | Suppression of toxin production in Clostridium difficile VPI 10463 by amino acids. | Karlsson S, Burman LG, Akerlund T | Microbiology (Reading) | 10.1099/13500872-145-7-1683 | 1999 | Amino Acids/*metabolism/pharmacology, *Bacterial Toxins, Bicarbonates/metabolism/pharmacology, Biotin/metabolism/pharmacology, Clostridioides difficile/drug effects/growth & development/*metabolism, Culture Media, Enterotoxins/*biosynthesis, Glucose/metabolism/pharmacology, Kinetics | Pathogenicity |
| Pathogenicity | 10483735 | A nonsense mutation abrogates production of a functional enterotoxin A in Clostridium difficile toxinotype VIII strains of serogroups F and X. | von Eichel-Streiber C, Zec-Pirnat I, Grabnar M, Rupnik M | FEMS Microbiol Lett | 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13773.x | 1999 | Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis, Blotting, Western, Catalytic Domain/*genetics, Clostridioides difficile/classification/*genetics/metabolism, Enterotoxins/biosynthesis/*genetics, Gene Deletion, *Genes, Bacterial, Humans, *Mutation, Missense, Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis/genetics, Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis | Biotechnology |
| Pathogenicity | 10921980 | Genetic characterization of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile isolates by PCR. | Moncrief JS, Zheng L, Neville LM, Lyerly DM | J Clin Microbiol | 10.1128/JCM.38.8.3072-3075.2000 | 2000 | *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/*genetics/metabolism, Clostridioides difficile/*genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/microbiology, Enterotoxins/*genetics/metabolism, Genes, Bacterial, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques, *Polymerase Chain Reaction | Metabolism |
| Pathogenicity | 10992443 | Toxin gene analysis of a variant strain of Clostridium difficile that causes human clinical disease. | Sambol SP, Merrigan MM, Lyerly D, Gerding DN, Johnson S | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.68.10.5480-5487.2000 | 2000 | Aged, Animals, *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/*genetics/toxicity, Clostridioides difficile/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism/*pathogenicity, Culture Media, Deoxyribonuclease HindIII/metabolism, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/*microbiology, Enterotoxins/*genetics/toxicity, Genes, Bacterial, *Genetic Variation, Humans, Ileum, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Prohibitins, Rabbits, Restriction Mapping, Sequence Analysis, DNA | Metabolism |
| Metabolism | 10992498 | Toxins, butyric acid, and other short-chain fatty acids are coordinately expressed and down-regulated by cysteine in Clostridium difficile. | Karlsson S, Lindberg A, Norin E, Burman LG, Akerlund T | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.68.10.5881-5888.2000 | 2000 | Amino Acid Sequence, Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/metabolism, Bacterial Toxins/*biosynthesis, Butanols/pharmacology, Butyric Acid/metabolism, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects/growth & development/*metabolism, Culture Media, Cysteine/*pharmacology, Down-Regulation, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/microbiology, Fatty Acids, Volatile/*metabolism, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxidoreductases/chemistry/metabolism | Pathogenicity |
| Pathogenicity | 11591204 | How to detect Clostridium difficile variant strains in a routine laboratory. | Rupnik M | Clin Microbiol Infect | 10.1046/j.1198-743x.2001.00290.x | 2001 | *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/analysis/biosynthesis, Clostridioides difficile/*classification/genetics/metabolism, DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/diagnosis/*microbiology, Enterotoxins/analysis/biosynthesis, Humans, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods | Phylogeny |
| Metabolism | 12101311 | Proteins released during high toxin production in Clostridium difficile. | Mukherjee K, Karlsson S, Burman LG, Akerlund T | Microbiology (Reading) | 10.1099/00221287-148-7-2245 | 2002 | Amino Acid Sequence, Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism, Bacterial Toxins/*biosynthesis, Clostridioides difficile/growth & development/*metabolism, Culture Media, Conditioned, Enterotoxins/*biosynthesis, Kinetics, Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction | Pathogenicity |
| Metabolism | 12654792 | Expression of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B and their sigma factor TcdD is controlled by temperature. | Karlsson S, Dupuy B, Mukherjee K, Norin E, Burman LG, Akerlund T | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.71.4.1784-1793.2003 | 2003 | *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/genetics/*metabolism, Butyric Acid/metabolism, Clostridioides difficile/growth & development/*metabolism, DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism, Enterotoxins/genetics/*metabolism, *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Humans, Promoter Regions, Genetic, *Temperature, Transcription, Genetic | Pathogenicity |
| Pathogenicity | 14970244 | Immunological detection and cytotoxic properties of toxins from toxin A-positive, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile variants. | Blake JE, Mitsikosta F, Metcalfe MA | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/jmm.0.05404-0 | 2004 | Animals, *Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins/analysis/immunology/*toxicity, Cell Survival/drug effects, Chlorocebus aethiops, Clostridioides difficile/*pathogenicity, Cytotoxins/analysis/immunology/*toxicity, Dialysis, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Enterotoxins/analysis/immunology/*toxicity, Humans, Immunoblotting, Vero Cells | Enzymology |
| Enzymology | 15309736 | Simplified purification method for Clostridium difficile toxin A. | Fu SW, Xue J, Zhang YL, Zhou DY | World J Gastroenterol | 10.3748/wjg.v10.i18.2756 | 2004 | Animals, Anion Exchange Resins, Bacterial Toxins/immunology/*isolation & purification/toxicity, Biotechnology, Chemical Precipitation, Chlorocebus aethiops, Chromatography, Affinity/*methods, Enterotoxins/immunology/*isolation & purification/toxicity, Ethanolamines, Ileum, Immunodiffusion, Polymers, Rabbits, Vero Cells | Phylogeny |
| Enzymology | 16098481 | LuxS/autoinducer-2 quorum sensing molecule regulates transcriptional virulence gene expression in Clostridium difficile. | Lee AS, Song KP | Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.131 | 2005 | Bacterial Proteins/*physiology, Base Sequence, Carbon-Sulfur Lyases, Cloning, Molecular, Clostridioides difficile/genetics/*pathogenicity, DNA Primers, DNA, Bacterial, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/*physiology, *Genes, Bacterial, Genetic Complementation Test, Molecular Sequence Data, Transcription, Genetic/*physiology, Virulence/*genetics | Genetics |
| Phylogeny | 16599301 | Co-infection of hamsters with toxin A or toxin B-deficient Clostridium difficile strains. | Szczesny A, Martirosian G, Cohen S, Silva J Jr | Pol J Microbiol | 2005 | Animals, Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*toxicity, Bacterial Toxins/genetics/*toxicity, Clostridioides difficile/classification/genetics/*pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/etiology/microbiology, Cricetinae, Enterotoxins/genetics/*toxicity, Genes, Bacterial, Mesocricetus, Species Specificity | Pathogenicity | |
| 16887714 | Binary toxin producing Clostridium difficile strains. | Rupnik M, Grabnar M, Geric B | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2003.09.002 | 2003 | |||
| Metabolism | 17145947 | Difference in the cytotoxic effects of toxin B from Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463 and toxin B from variant Clostridium difficile strain 1470. | Huelsenbeck J, Dreger S, Gerhard R, Barth H, Just I, Genth H | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.01705-06 | 2006 | Animals, Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/*toxicity, Bacterial Toxins/metabolism/*toxicity, Basophils/*cytology/metabolism, Caspase 3/analysis, Caspase Inhibitors, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Shape, Cell Survival, Clostridioides difficile/classification/genetics/metabolism/*pathogenicity, DNA Fragmentation, Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology, Glycosylation, Oligopeptides/pharmacology, Rats, cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism, rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism, rhoB GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism | Pathogenicity |
| Pathogenicity | 18195066 | Comparative efficacies of rifaximin and vancomycin for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and prevention of disease recurrence in hamsters. | Kokkotou E, Moss AC, Michos A, Espinoza D, Cloud JW, Mustafa N, O'Brien M, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/AAC.01143-07 | 2008 | Animals, Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects, Cricetinae, Diarrhea/*drug therapy/microbiology/mortality/pathology, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/*drug therapy/microbiology/mortality/pathology, Humans, Mesocricetus, Rifamycins/administration & dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use, Rifaximin, Treatment Outcome, Vancomycin/administration & dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use, Weight Gain | |
| Metabolism | 18397287 | Heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: importance of Clostridium difficile toxinotypes. | Rupnik M | FEMS Microbiol Rev | 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00110.x | 2008 | Animal Diseases/*metabolism/microbiology, Animals, Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism, Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism, Bacterial Typing Techniques/*methods, Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics, Clostridioides difficile/chemistry/*classification/genetics/metabolism, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/*metabolism/*microbiology/veterinary, Enterotoxins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism, Evolution, Molecular, Humans | Pathogenicity |
| Pathogenicity | 18475713 | Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on fever and neutrophilia induced by Clostridium difficile toxin B. | Cardoso RA, Filho AA, Melo MC, Lyerly DM, Wilkins TD, Lima AA, Ribeiro RA, Souza GE | Mediators Inflamm | 10.1155/S0962935196000245 | 1996 | ||
| Genetics | 18480336 | Comparative analysis of BI/NAP1/027 hypervirulent strains reveals novel toxin B-encoding gene (tcdB) sequences. | Stabler RA, Dawson LF, Phua LTH, Wren BW | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/jmm.0.47743-0 | 2008 | Amino Acid Sequence, Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism, Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism, Clostridioides difficile/*classification/*genetics/metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/physiology, Genes, Bacterial, Genome, Bacterial, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny | Metabolism |
| Metabolism | 18957596 | Induction of toxins in Clostridium difficile is associated with dramatic changes of its metabolism. | Karlsson S, Burman LG, Akerlund T | Microbiology (Reading) | 10.1099/mic.0.2008/019778-0 | 2008 | Amino Acids/metabolism, Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis/*genetics, Bacterial Toxins/biosynthesis/*genetics, Clostridioides difficile/*genetics/*metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Glucose/metabolism, Transcription, Genetic, *Transcriptional Activation | Pathogenicity |
| Pathogenicity | 19558711 | Truncation in the tcdC region of the Clostridium difficile PathLoc of clinical isolates does not predict increased biological activity of Toxin B or Toxin A. | Murray R, Boyd D, Levett PN, Mulvey MR, Alfa MJ | BMC Infect Dis | 10.1186/1471-2334-9-103 | 2009 | Amino Acid Sequence, Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism, Bacterial Toxins/*metabolism, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Caco-2 Cells, Clostridioides difficile/classification/*genetics/growth & development, DNA, Bacterial/genetics, Enterotoxins/*metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Repressor Proteins/*genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA | Metabolism |
| Phylogeny | 20597003 | Clostridium difficile toxinotyping. | Rupnik M | Methods Mol Biol | 10.1007/978-1-60327-365-7_5 | 2010 | Bacterial Proteins/genetics, Bacterial Toxins/classification/genetics, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Clostridioides difficile/*classification/*genetics, Enterotoxins/genetics, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length | Pathogenicity |
| Metabolism | 20675495 | Human hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains exhibit increased sporulation as well as robust toxin production. | Merrigan M, Venugopal A, Mallozzi M, Roxas B, Viswanathan VK, Johnson S, Gerding DN, Vedantam G | J Bacteriol | 10.1128/JB.00445-10 | 2010 | Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism, Bacterial Toxins/genetics/*metabolism, Clostridioides difficile/genetics/*growth & development/*metabolism, Enterotoxins/genetics/*metabolism, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism, Spores, Bacterial/genetics/*growth & development, Virulence/genetics/physiology | Pathogenicity |
| Metabolism | 21349983 | Killing kinetics of fidaxomicin and its major metabolite, OP-1118, against Clostridium difficile. | Babakhani F, Gomez A, Robert N, Sears P | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/jmm.0.029470-0 | 2011 | Aminoglycosides/metabolism/*pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism/*pharmacology, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects/genetics, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Fidaxomicin, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Time Factors, Vancomycin/pharmacology | Enzymology |
| Pathogenicity | 21393140 | Activity of RBx 11760, a novel biaryl oxazolidinone, against Clostridium difficile. | Mathur T, Kumar M, Barman TK, Kumar GR, Kalia V, Singhal S, Raj VS, Upadhyay DJ, Das B, Bhatnagar PK | J Antimicrob Chemother | 10.1093/jac/dkr033 | 2011 | Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage/*pharmacology, Bacterial Toxins/biosynthesis, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects/isolation & purification, Clostridium Infections/*drug therapy/microbiology, Cricetinae, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Mesocricetus, Metronidazole/administration & dosage, Oxazolidinones/*administration & dosage/*pharmacology, Spores, Bacterial/drug effects, Vancomycin/administration & dosage | Enzymology |
| Pathogenicity | 21474613 | Efficacy of decontaminants and disinfectants against Clostridium difficile. | Vohra P, Poxton IR | J Med Microbiol | 10.1099/jmm.0.030288-0 | 2011 | Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects, Decontamination/*methods, Disinfectants/*pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Spores, Bacterial/drug effects | |
| Pathogenicity | 21804357 | The interplay between microbiome dynamics and pathogen dynamics in a murine model of Clostridium difficile Infection. | Reeves AE, Theriot CM, Bergin IL, Huffnagle GB, Schloss PD, Young VB | Gut Microbes | 10.4161/gmic.2.3.16333 | 2011 | Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Bacteria/classification/drug effects/*genetics/isolation & purification, Clostridioides difficile/drug effects/*genetics/isolation & purification/physiology, Clostridium Infections/*microbiology, Colitis/*microbiology, Disease Models, Animal, Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects/microbiology, Humans, *Metagenome/drug effects, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL | Phylogeny |
| Transcriptome | 22006564 | Profound alterations of intestinal microbiota following a single dose of clindamycin results in sustained susceptibility to Clostridium difficile-induced colitis. | Buffie CG, Jarchum I, Equinda M, Lipuma L, Gobourne A, Viale A, Ubeda C, Xavier J, Pamer EG | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.05496-11 | 2011 | Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage, Bacteria/classification/*drug effects/genetics, Biodiversity, Clindamycin/*administration & dosage, Clostridioides difficile/pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/*immunology/microbiology/mortality, Colitis/*immunology/microbiology/mortality, Diarrhea/immunology/microbiology/mortality, *Disease Susceptibility, Female, Gastrointestinal Tract/*metabolism, Longitudinal Studies, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods, Survival Analysis, Time Factors | Phylogeny |
| 22014083 | Bacillus Coagulans GBI-30 (BC30) improves indices of Clostridium difficile-Induced colitis in mice. | Fitzpatrick LR, Small JS, Greene WH, Karpa KD, Keller D | Gut Pathog | 10.1186/1757-4749-3-16 | 2011 | |||
| Metabolism | 22198617 | Cefoperazone-treated mice as an experimental platform to assess differential virulence of Clostridium difficile strains. | Theriot CM, Koumpouras CC, Carlson PE, Bergin II, Aronoff DM, Young VB | Gut Microbes | 10.4161/gmic.19142 | 2011 | Animals, Blood Cell Count, Cecum/microbiology/pathology, Cefoperazone/administration & dosage/*pharmacology, Chlorocebus aethiops, Clostridioides difficile/*pathogenicity, Colon/microbiology/pathology, Edema/microbiology/pathology, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/*drug therapy/microbiology/*pathology, Female, Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology/pathology, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Models, Animal, Neutrophils/metabolism, Vero Cells, Virulence, Weight Loss | |
| Pathogenicity | 22409477 | Induction of cytokines in a macrophage cell line by proteins of Clostridium difficile. | Vohra P, Poxton IR | FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol | 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.00952.x | 2012 | Antigens, Bacterial/*immunology, Bacterial Proteins/*immunology, Cell Line, Clostridioides difficile/*immunology, Culture Media/chemistry, Cytokines/*metabolism, Humans, Macrophages/*immunology/*microbiology | Cultivation |
| Phylogeny | 22890996 | Suppression of Clostridium difficile in the gastrointestinal tracts of germfree mice inoculated with a murine isolate from the family Lachnospiraceae. | Reeves AE, Koenigsknecht MJ, Bergin IL, Young VB | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.00647-12 | 2012 | Animals, Clostridioides difficile/genetics/*pathogenicity, Colony Count, Microbial, Escherichia coli/genetics/isolation & purification, Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology, Germ-Free Life, Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Rods/genetics/isolation & purification, Metagenome, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S | Enzymology |
| 23088680 | Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 limits the recurrence of Clostridium difficile-Induced colitis following vancomycin withdrawal in mice. | Fitzpatrick LR, Small JS, Greene WH, Karpa KD, Farmer S, Keller D | Gut Pathog | 10.1186/1757-4749-4-13 | 2012 | |||
| Pathogenicity | 23147742 | Vancomycin treatment's association with delayed intestinal tissue injury, clostridial overgrowth, and recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection in mice. | Warren CA, van Opstal EJ, Riggins MS, Li Y, Moore JH, Kolling GL, Guerrant RL, Hoffman PS | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/AAC.00877-12 | 2012 | Aminoglycosides/therapeutic use, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use, Bacteroides/genetics, Cecum/microbiology, Clostridioides difficile/drug effects/genetics/*pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/drug therapy, DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/*drug therapy/*mortality, Feces/microbiology, Fidaxomicin, Intestines/drug effects/injuries/microbiology, Male, Metronidazole/therapeutic use, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Nitro Compounds, Recurrence, Thiazoles/therapeutic use, Treatment Outcome, Vancomycin/*therapeutic use | Enzymology |
| Pathogenicity | 23208832 | Fidaxomicin inhibits toxin production in Clostridium difficile. | Babakhani F, Bouillaut L, Sears P, Sims C, Gomez A, Sonenshein AL | J Antimicrob Chemother | 10.1093/jac/dks450 | 2012 | Aminoglycosides/*metabolism, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*metabolism, Bacterial Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/biosynthesis, Bacterial Toxins/*antagonists & inhibitors/biosynthesis, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects, Culture Media/chemistry, Enterotoxins/*antagonists & inhibitors/biosynthesis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Fidaxomicin, Gene Expression/drug effects, Gene Expression Profiling, Humans, Metronidazole/metabolism, Vancomycin/metabolism | Metabolism |
| Metabolism | 23217055 | Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces recurrence and mortality from Clostridium difficile infection in mice following vancomycin treatment. | Li Y, Figler RA, Kolling G, Bracken TC, Rieger J, Stevenson RW, Linden J, Guerrant RL, Warren CA | BMC Infect Dis | 10.1186/1471-2334-12-342 | 2012 | Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage, Body Weight, Clostridioides difficile/*pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/*drug therapy/mortality/*prevention & control, Diarrhea/drug therapy/mortality/prevention & control, Disease Models, Animal, Gene Deletion, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics/immunology/*metabolism, Secondary Prevention, Survival Analysis, Vancomycin/*administration & dosage | |
| Pathogenicity | 23344455 | Difference in F-actin depolymerization induced by toxin B from the Clostridium difficile strain VPI 10463 and toxin B from the variant Clostridium difficile serotype F strain 1470. | May M, Wang T, Muller M, Genth H | Toxins (Basel) | 10.3390/toxins5010106 | 2013 | Actins/*drug effects/metabolism, Animals, Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/immunology/*toxicity, Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/immunology/*toxicity, Biomarkers/metabolism, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Shape/drug effects, Clostridioides difficile/pathogenicity/*physiology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Glycosylation, HeLa Cells, Hepatocytes/drug effects/metabolism, Humans, Mice, NIH 3T3 Cells, Paxillin/metabolism, Polymerization/*drug effects, Serotyping, Species Specificity, Thiazolidines/pharmacology, p21-Activated Kinases/metabolism, rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/*metabolism | Metabolism |
| Pathogenicity | 23359592 | Intestinal epithelial restitution after TcdB challenge and recovery from Clostridium difficile infection in mice with alanyl-glutamine treatment. | Rodrigues RS, Oliveira RA, Li Y, Zaja-Milatovic S, Costa LB, Braga Neto MB, Kolling GL, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, Warren CA | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jit041 | 2013 | Animals, Apoptosis/drug effects, Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/metabolism, Bacterial Toxins/*genetics/metabolism, Cell Line, Cell Proliferation/drug effects, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects/growth & development, Clostridium Infections/drug therapy/microbiology, Dipeptides/*pharmacology, Disease Models, Animal, Enterocytes/*drug effects/metabolism/microbiology, Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/*microbiology, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Necrosis/drug therapy/pathology, Rats, Vancomycin/pharmacology | Metabolism |
| Pathogenicity | 23545305 | Toll-like receptor 5-dependent immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant fusion protein vaccine containing the nontoxic domains of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium flagellin in a mouse model of Clostridium difficile disease. | Ghose C, Verhagen JM, Chen X, Yu J, Huang Y, Chenesseau O, Kelly CP, Ho DD | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.01074-12 | 2013 | Adjuvants, Immunologic, Animals, Bacterial Proteins/immunology, Bacterial Toxins/immunology, Bacterial Vaccines/*immunology, Cell Line, Clostridium Infections/*prevention & control, Enterotoxins/immunology, Female, Flagellin/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Protein Subunits/immunology, Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology, Salmonella typhimurium/genetics/*metabolism, Toll-Like Receptor 5/genetics/*metabolism, Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology | Metabolism |
| Phylogeny | 23815405 | A unique strain of community-acquired Clostridium difficile in severe complicated infection and death of a young adult. | Heslop OD, Roye-Green K, Coard K, Mulvey MR | BMC Infect Dis | 10.1186/1471-2334-13-299 | 2013 | Adult, Clindamycin/adverse effects, Clostridioides difficile/*classification/isolation & purification, Community-Acquired Infections/*microbiology, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/*microbiology, Fatal Outcome, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Klebsiella Infections/*microbiology, Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification, Megacolon, Toxic/microbiology, Young Adult | Enzymology |
| Pathogenicity | 23887866 | In vitro selection, via serial passage, of Clostridium difficile mutants with reduced susceptibility to fidaxomicin or vancomycin. | Leeds JA, Sachdeva M, Mullin S, Barnes SW, Ruzin A | J Antimicrob Chemother | 10.1093/jac/dkt302 | 2013 | Aminoglycosides/*pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Cell Wall/genetics, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects/*growth & development, DNA Mutational Analysis, DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics, *Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Fidaxomicin, Genome, Bacterial, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, *Mutation, Selection, Genetic, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Serial Passage, Thiazoles/pharmacology, Vancomycin/*pharmacology | Genetics |
| Pathogenicity | 24422950 | Prevention of Clostridium difficile spore formation by sub-inhibitory concentrations of tigecycline and piperacillin/tazobactam. | Garneau JR, Valiquette L, Fortier LC | BMC Infect Dis | 10.1186/1471-2334-14-29 | 2014 | Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage, Ciprofloxacin/administration & dosage, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects, Humans, Metronidazole/administration & dosage, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Minocycline/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives, Penicillanic Acid/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives, Piperacillin/administration & dosage, Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination, Ribotyping, Spores, Bacterial, Tazobactam, Tigecycline, Vancomycin/administration & dosage | |
| Metabolism | 24498186 | Spore formation and toxin production in Clostridium difficile biofilms. | Semenyuk EG, Laning ML, Foley J, Johnston PF, Knight KL, Gerding DN, Driks A | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0087757 | 2014 | Bacterial Toxins/genetics/*metabolism, Biofilms/*growth & development, Clostridioides difficile/genetics/*metabolism/*physiology, DNA, Bacterial/genetics, Germination/genetics, Polysaccharides/metabolism, Proteins/metabolism, Spores, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism/*physiology | Biotechnology |
| Pathogenicity | 24590475 | Alteration of the murine gastrointestinal microbiota by tigecycline leads to increased susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection. | Bassis CM, Theriot CM, Young VB | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/AAC.02262-13 | 2014 | Animals, Clostridioides difficile/drug effects/*pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/*drug therapy, Female, Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microbiota/drug effects, Minocycline/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use, Tigecycline | |
| Metabolism | 24905543 | Haemorrhagic toxin and lethal toxin from Clostridium sordellii strain vpi9048: molecular characterization and comparative analysis of substrate specificity of the large clostridial glucosylating toxins. | Genth H, Pauillac S, Schelle I, Bouvet P, Bouchier C, Varela-Chavez C, Just I, Popoff MR | Cell Microbiol | 10.1111/cmi.12321 | 2014 | Bacterial Toxins/genetics/*metabolism, Clostridium sordellii/genetics/*metabolism, DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics, *Glycosylation, Molecular Sequence Data, Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Substrate Specificity | Genetics |
| Pathogenicity | 25024365 | An optimized, synthetic DNA vaccine encoding the toxin A and toxin B receptor binding domains of Clostridium difficile induces protective antibody responses in vivo. | Baliban SM, Michael A, Shammassian B, Mudakha S, Khan AS, Cocklin S, Zentner I, Latimer BP, Bouillaut L, Hunter M, Marx P, Sardesai NY, Welles SL, Jacobson JM, Weiner DB, Kutzler MA | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.01950-14 | 2014 | Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/*blood, Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood, Antitoxins/*blood, Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*immunology, Bacterial Toxins/genetics/*immunology, Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage/genetics/*immunology, Cross Protection, Electrophoresis, Enterotoxins/genetics/*immunology, Female, Injections, Intramuscular, Macaca mulatta, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neutralization Tests, Recombinant Proteins/genetics/immunology, Survival Analysis, Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage/genetics/*immunology, Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage/genetics/immunology | Enzymology |
| Phylogeny | 25036923 | An in vitro culture model to study the dynamics of colonic microbiota in Syrian golden hamsters and their susceptibility to infection with Clostridium difficile. | Miezeiewski M, Schnaufer T, Muravsky M, Wang S, Caro-Aguilar I, Secore S, Thiriot DS, Hsu C, Rogers I, DeSantis T, Kuczynski J, Probst AJ, Chehoud C, Steger R, Warrington J, Bodmer JL, Heinrichs JH | ISME J | 10.1038/ismej.2014.127 | 2014 | Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Clindamycin/pharmacology, *Clostridioides difficile/classification/drug effects/growth & development, Clostridium Infections/*microbiology, Colon/*microbiology, Cricetinae, Enterocolitis/microbiology, Feces/microbiology, Male, Mesocricetus, *Microbiota, Models, Biological | Pathogenicity |
| Metabolism | 25230329 | Clostridium difficile-induced colitis in mice is independent of leukotrienes. | Trindade BC, Theriot CM, Leslie JL, Carlson PE Jr, Bergin IL, Peters-Golden M, Young VB, Aronoff DM | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.09.006 | 2014 | Animals, Clostridioides difficile/*growth & development/immunology, Clostridium Infections/*microbiology/*pathology, Colitis/*microbiology/*pathology, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Histocytochemistry, Leukotrienes/*metabolism, Mice, Inbred C57BL | |
| Pathogenicity | 25312952 | Persistence and toxin production by Clostridium difficile within human intestinal organoids result in disruption of epithelial paracellular barrier function. | Leslie JL, Huang S, Opp JS, Nagy MS, Kobayashi M, Young VB, Spence JR | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.02561-14 | 2014 | Bacterial Proteins/*toxicity, Bacterial Toxins/*toxicity, Clostridioides difficile/*metabolism, Enterotoxins/*toxicity, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/*microbiology/*physiology, Organ Culture Techniques, Organoids/*microbiology/*physiology | Biotechnology |
| Metabolism | 25399934 | The role of Gr-1(+) cells and tumour necrosis factor-alpha signalling during Clostridium difficile colitis in mice. | McDermott AJ, Higdon KE, Muraglia R, Erb-Downward JR, Falkowski NR, McDonald RA, Young VB, Huffnagle GB | Immunology | 10.1111/imm.12425 | 2015 | Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology, Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology, Ceftriaxone, Clostridioides difficile/immunology/*pathogenicity, Colon/drug effects/immunology/*metabolism/pathology, Disease Models, Animal, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/genetics/immunology/*metabolism/microbiology/pathology/preventio n & control, Gene Expression Regulation, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inflammation Mediators/metabolism, Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/metabolism/pathology, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microbiota, Monocytes/immunology/metabolism/microbiology, Neutrophils/immunology/metabolism/microbiology, Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/*metabolism, *Signal Transduction/drug effects, Time Factors, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/*metabolism | Pathogenicity |
| Metabolism | 25493020 | Clostridium difficile infection aggravates colitis in interleukin 10-deficient mice. | Kim MN, Koh SJ, Kim JM, Im JP, Jung HC, Kim JS | World J Gastroenterol | 10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.17084 | 2014 | Animals, Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology, Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects/immunology/metabolism, Cells, Cultured, Clostridioides difficile/*pathogenicity, Colitis/genetics/immunology/*metabolism/*microbiology/pathology, Colon/immunology/*metabolism/*microbiology/pathology, Dendritic Cells/drug effects/immunology/metabolism, Disease Models, Animal, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/genetics/immunology/*metabolism/*microbiology/pathology, Enterotoxins/pharmacology, Interferon-gamma/genetics/metabolism, Interleukin-10/*deficiency/genetics, Interleukin-12/genetics/metabolism, Interleukin-23/genetics/metabolism, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, RNA, Messenger/metabolism, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Weight Loss | Pathogenicity |
| Metabolism | 25534943 | Dynamics and establishment of Clostridium difficile infection in the murine gastrointestinal tract. | Koenigsknecht MJ, Theriot CM, Bergin IL, Schumacher CA, Schloss PD, Young VB | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.02768-14 | 2014 | Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects, Bile Acids and Salts/chemistry, Clostridioides difficile/growth & development/metabolism/*pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/etiology/microbiology/mortality/*pathology, Colitis/etiology/microbiology/mortality/*pathology, Disease Progression, Enterotoxins/biosynthesis/metabolism, Feces/microbiology, Female, Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects/microbiology/*pathology, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microbiota/drug effects, Spores, Bacterial/growth & development/metabolism/pathogenicity, Survival Analysis, Time Factors | Pathogenicity |
| Metabolism | 25800047 | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as prophylactic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated disease in a mouse model. | Geeraerts S, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Van Immerseel F | J Gastroenterol Hepatol | 10.1111/jgh.12957 | 2015 | Administration, Ophthalmic, Animals, *Antibiosis, *Bacillus/physiology, Bacterial Proteins/metabolism, Bacterial Toxins/metabolism, *Clostridioides difficile/growth & development, Colon/metabolism/microbiology/pathology, Disease Models, Animal, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/*microbiology/pathology/*prevention & control, Enterotoxins/metabolism, Female, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Probiotics/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use | Pathogenicity |
| Pathogenicity | 26181795 | Defined Nutrient Diets Alter Susceptibility to Clostridium difficile Associated Disease in a Murine Model. | Moore JH, Pinheiro CC, Zaenker EI, Bolick DT, Kolling GL, van Opstal E, Noronha FJ, De Medeiros PH, Rodriguez RS, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, Warren CA | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0131829 | 2015 | Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Bacterial Load, Cecum/microbiology, *Clostridioides difficile, Diet, Protein-Restricted, Disease Susceptibility, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/*microbiology, Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects/genetics, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Protective Factors, Protein Deficiency/microbiology | |
| Pathogenicity | 26455347 | Interleukin-23 (IL-23), independent of IL-17 and IL-22, drives neutrophil recruitment and innate inflammation during Clostridium difficile colitis in mice. | McDermott AJ, Falkowski NR, McDonald RA, Pandit CR, Young VB, Huffnagle GB | Immunology | 10.1111/imm.12545 | 2015 | Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage, Clostridioides difficile/*immunology/pathogenicity, Colon/drug effects/*immunology/metabolism/pathology, Disease Models, Animal, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/*immunology/microbiology/pathology, Female, *Immunity, Innate/drug effects, Inflammation Mediators/*immunology/metabolism, Interleukin-17/deficiency/genetics/*immunology, Interleukin-23 Subunit p19/deficiency/genetics/*immunology, Interleukins/antagonists & inhibitors/*immunology/metabolism, Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/*immunology/metabolism/pathology, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, *Neutrophil Infiltration/drug effects, Neutrophils/drug effects/*immunology/metabolism, Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins, Proteins/immunology/metabolism, Signal Transduction | Metabolism |
| Pathogenicity | 26502913 | Memory B Cells Encode Neutralizing Antibody Specific for Toxin B from the Clostridium difficile Strains VPI 10463 and NAP1/BI/027 but with Superior Neutralization of VPI 10463 Toxin B. | Devera TS, Lang GA, Lanis JM, Rampuria P, Gilmore CL, James JA, Ballard JD, Lang ML | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.00011-15 | 2015 | Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology, Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology, Antitoxins/*immunology, B-Lymphocytes/*immunology, Bacterial Proteins/*immunology, Bacterial Toxins/*immunology, CHO Cells, Cell Line, Clostridioides difficile/*immunology/pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/immunology/pathology, Cricetulus, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology, Immunologic Memory/immunology, Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Protein Structure, Tertiary | |
| 26568840 | Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in mice with vancomycin alone is as effective as treatment with vancomycin and metronidazole in combination. | Erikstrup LT, Aarup M, Hagemann-Madsen R, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Kristensen B, Olsen KE, Fuursted K | BMJ Open Gastroenterol | 10.1136/bmjgast-2015-000038 | 2015 | |||
| Pathogenicity | 26832756 | Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection using SQ641, a capuramycin analogue, increases post-treatment survival and improves clinical measures of disease in a murine model. | Moore JH 2nd, van Opstal E, Kolling GL, Shin JH, Bogatcheva E, Nikonenko B, Einck L, Phipps AJ, Guerrant RL, Protopopova M, Warren CA | J Antimicrob Chemother | 10.1093/jac/dkv479 | 2016 | Administration, Oral, Aminoglycosides/*therapeutic use, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use, Bacterial Shedding, Bacterial Toxins/analysis, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects, Disease Models, Animal, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/*drug therapy/microbiology/pathology, Feces/chemistry/microbiology, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Severity of Illness Index, Survival Analysis, Treatment Outcome, Uridine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use | |
| Pathogenicity | 26917573 | Vancomycin Treatment Alters Humoral Immunity and Intestinal Microbiota in an Aged Mouse Model of Clostridium difficile Infection. | van Opstal E, Kolling GL, Moore JH 2nd, Coquery CM, Wade NS, Loo WM, Bolick DT, Shin JH, Erickson LD, Warren CA | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jiw071 | 2016 | Age Factors, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects, Clostridium Infections/*drug therapy, Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects, Humans, Immunity, Humoral/*drug effects, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Models, Animal, Vancomycin/*therapeutic use | |
| Pathogenicity | 27018325 | Effect of oligosaccharides on the adhesion of gut bacteria to human HT-29 cells. | Altamimi M, Abdelhay O, Rastall RA | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.03.010 | 2016 | Bacterial Adhesion/*drug effects, Bacteroides/drug effects/physiology, Bacteroides fragilis/drug effects/physiology, Bifidobacterium/drug effects/physiology, Clostridium/drug effects/physiology, Faecalibacterium/drug effects/physiology, Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects, HT29 Cells, Humans, Lactobacillus casei/drug effects/physiology, Mucins/metabolism, Oligosaccharides/*pharmacology, Prebiotics/*analysis, Species Specificity | Phylogeny |
| 27257437 | The efficacy of thuricin CD, tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin and nitazoxanide, independently and in paired combinations against Clostridium difficile biofilms and planktonic cells. | Mathur H, Rea MC, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP | Gut Pathog | 10.1186/s13099-016-0102-8 | 2016 | |||
| Metabolism | 27514478 | Probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 prevents outbreak-associated Clostridium difficile-associated cecal inflammation in hamsters. | Koon HW, Su B, Xu C, Mussatto CC, Tran DH, Lee EC, Ortiz C, Wang J, Lee JE, Ho S, Chen X, Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C | Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol | 10.1152/ajpgi.00150.2016 | 2016 | Animals, Cecum/metabolism/*microbiology/pathology, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium Infections/microbiology/*prevention & control, Cricetinae, Inflammation/metabolism/*microbiology/pathology, NF-kappa B/metabolism, Phosphorylation, Probiotics/*therapeutic use, *Saccharomyces boulardii, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism | Pathogenicity |
| 27999606 | Traditional Chinese Medicine QPYF as Preventive Treatment for Clostridium difficile Associated Diarrhea in a Mouse Model. | Ya-Nan G, Jun W, Hao-Jun Z, Hong-Bing J, Ping L, Xin-Zhu L | Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | 10.1155/2016/3759819 | 2016 | |||
| Pathogenicity | 28125650 | Development of a Novel Vaccine Containing Binary Toxin for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile Disease with Enhanced Efficacy against NAP1 Strains. | Secore S, Wang S, Doughtry J, Xie J, Miezeiewski M, Rustandi RR, Horton M, Xoconostle R, Wang B, Lancaster C, Kristopeit A, Wang SC, Christanti S, Vitelli S, Gentile MP, Goerke A, Skinner J, Strable E, Thiriot DS, Bodmer JL, Heinrichs JH | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0170640 | 2017 | Animals, Bacterial Toxins/*genetics/toxicity, Bacterial Vaccines/*administration & dosage/genetics, Clostridioides difficile/drug effects/pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/genetics/microbiology/*prevention & control, Cricetinae, Disease Models, Animal, Enterotoxins/*genetics/toxicity, Humans, Macaca mulatta/microbiology, Mesocricetus/microbiology | |
| Pathogenicity | 28219893 | Toxin-positive Clostridium difficile latently infect mouse colonies and protect against highly pathogenic C. difficile. | Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B, Adekunle O, Mattei LM, Bushman FD, Gewirtz AT | Gut | 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313510 | 2017 | Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Bacterial Toxins, Clostridioides difficile/drug effects/genetics/*pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/*microbiology, Intestines/microbiology, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Virulence, Whole Genome Sequencing | Genetics |
| Pathogenicity | 28284851 | Clostridium difficile-derived membrane vesicles induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and cytotoxicity in colonic epithelial cells in vitro. | Nicholas A, Jeon H, Selasi GN, Na SH, Kwon HI, Kim YJ, Choi CW, Kim SI, Lee JC | Microb Pathog | 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.006 | 2017 | Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism/*toxicity, Bacterial Toxins/*toxicity, Caco-2 Cells/drug effects, Cell Culture Techniques, Chemokine CCL2/drug effects/genetics, Clostridioides difficile/genetics/*metabolism, Colon/*pathology, Cytokines/*drug effects/*genetics, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/metabolism, Enterotoxins/genetics/metabolism/*toxicity, Epithelial Cells/*drug effects, Flow Cytometry, Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects, Hep G2 Cells/drug effects, Humans, Interleukin-1beta/drug effects/genetics, Interleukin-6/genetics, Interleukin-8/drug effects/genetics, Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Proteomics | Metabolism |
| Pathogenicity | 28465256 | A combination of the probiotic and prebiotic product can prevent the germination of Clostridium difficile spores and infection. | Ratsep M, Koljalg S, Sepp E, Smidt I, Truusalu K, Songisepp E, Stsepetova J, Naaber P, Mikelsaar RH, Mikelsaar M | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.03.019 | 2017 | Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Antibiosis, Clostridioides difficile/drug effects/isolation & purification/*physiology, Clostridium Infections/microbiology/*prevention & control, Disease Models, Animal, Estonia, Humans, Lactobacillus plantarum/drug effects/*physiology, Male, Mesocricetus, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Norway, Prebiotics/*administration & dosage, Probiotics/*administration & dosage, Spores, Bacterial/*growth & development, Xylitol/*administration & dosage | Enzymology |
| 28765714 | High prevalence of subclass-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins in adult cystic fibrosis sera: possible mode of immunoprotection against symptomatic C. difficile infection. | Monaghan TM, Negm OH, MacKenzie B, Hamed MR, Shone CC, Humphreys DP, Acharya KR, Wilcox MH | Clin Exp Gastroenterol | 10.2147/CEG.S133939 | 2017 | |||
| Pathogenicity | 29632249 | Clostridium difficile Toxoid Vaccine Candidate Confers Broad Protection against a Range of Prevalent Circulating Strains in a Nonclinical Setting. | Quemeneur L, Petiot N, Arnaud-Barbe N, Hessler C, Pietrobon PJ, Londono-Hayes P | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.00742-17 | 2018 | Animals, Bacterial Proteins/*immunology, Bacterial Toxins/*immunology, Bacterial Vaccines/*immunology, Clostridioides difficile/genetics/*immunology/metabolism, Clostridium Infections/*prevention & control, Cricetinae, Enterotoxins/*immunology, Female, Genome, Bacterial, Mesocricetus | Genetics |
| 29967595 | Establishment of an Endogenous Clostridium difficile Rat Infection Model and Evaluation of the Effects of Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 Probiotic Strain. | Oka K, Osaki T, Hanawa T, Kurata S, Sugiyama E, Takahashi M, Tanaka M, Taguchi H, Kamiya S | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01264 | 2018 | |||
| Pathogenicity | 29985307 | A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection. | Negm OH, Hamed M, Monaghan TM | J Vis Exp | 10.3791/57399 | 2018 | Adult, Antibodies, Bacterial/*immunology, Clostridioides difficile/*pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/*diagnosis, Humans, Protein Array Analysis/*methods | |
| 30172633 | Protection against Clostridium difficile infection in a hamster model by oral vaccination using flagellin FliC-loaded pectin beads. | Bruxelle JF, Tsapis N, Hoys S, Collignon A, Janoir C, Fattal E, Pechine S | Vaccine | 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.013 | 2018 | Administration, Oral, Animals, Bacterial Proteins/immunology, Bacterial Vaccines/chemistry/*immunology, Capsules, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium Infections/*prevention & control, Colon/immunology/microbiology, Cricetinae, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Flagellin/*immunology, *Immunity, Mucosal, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Microspheres, Pectins/*administration & dosage, Vaccination/methods | ||
| 30356740 | Protective Effect of Pediococcus pentosaceus LI05 Against Clostridium difficile Infection in a Mouse Model. | Xu Q, Gu S, Chen Y, Quan J, Lv L, Chen D, Zheng B, Xu L, Li L | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02396 | 2018 | |||
| 30416488 | The Conserved Cys-2232 in Clostridioides difficile Toxin B Modulates Receptor Binding. | Chung SY, Schottelndreier D, Tatge H, Fuhner V, Hust M, Beer LA, Gerhard R | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02314 | 2018 | |||
| 30619112 | Bacteroides fragilis Prevents Clostridium difficile Infection in a Mouse Model by Restoring Gut Barrier and Microbiome Regulation. | Deng H, Yang S, Zhang Y, Qian K, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wang Y, Bai Y, Fan H, Zhao X, Zhi F | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02976 | 2018 | |||
| 30842760 | Lactobacillus gasseri APC 678 Reduces Shedding of the Pathogen Clostridium difficile in a Murine Model. | Quigley L, Coakley M, Alemayehu D, Rea MC, Casey PG, O'Sullivan O, Murphy E, Kiely B, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00273 | 2019 | |||
| Phylogeny | 30988143 | Modified Mouse Model of Clostridioides difficile Infection as a Platform for Probiotic Efficacy Studies. | De Wolfe TJ, Kates AE, Barko L, Darien BJ, Safdar N | Antimicrob Agents Chemother | 10.1128/AAC.00111-19 | 2019 | Animals, Bifidobacterium/genetics/physiology, Clostridioides difficile/genetics/*pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/microbiology/*prevention & control, Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology, Lactobacillus/genetics/*physiology, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Preventive Medicine/*methods, Probiotics/*therapeutic use, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics | |
| Pathogenicity | 31212980 | Toxin B Variants from Clostridium difficile Strains VPI 10463 and NAP1/027 Share Similar Substrate Profile and Cellular Intoxication Kinetics but Use Different Host Cell Entry Factors. | Lopez-Urena D, Orozco-Aguilar J, Chaves-Madrigal Y, Ramirez-Mata A, Villalobos-Jimenez A, Ost S, Quesada-Gomez C, Rodriguez C, Papatheodorou P, Chaves-Olarte E | Toxins (Basel) | 10.3390/toxins11060348 | 2019 | 3T3 Cells, Animals, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Bacterial Proteins/*toxicity, Bacterial Toxins/*toxicity, Cell Survival/drug effects, Clostridioides difficile/physiology, Clostridium Infections/immunology, Cytokines/immunology, Enterotoxins/*toxicity, HeLa Cells, *Host Microbial Interactions, Humans, Intestines/drug effects/immunology/microbiology, Male, Mice, Neutrophils/immunology, Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism, Virulence Factors/*toxicity | Enzymology |
| Pathogenicity | 31260740 | Phenotypic characterisation of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 251, an emerging multi-locus sequence type clade 2 strain in Australia. | Hong S, Knight DR, Chang B, Carman RJ, Riley TV | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.06.019 | 2019 | Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Australia/epidemiology, Bacterial Toxins/genetics, Clostridioides difficile/*classification/drug effects/*genetics, Clostridium Infections/*epidemiology/*microbiology, Enterotoxins/genetics, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, *Genotype, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Public Health Surveillance, Ribotyping, Spores, Bacterial/drug effects | Phylogeny |
| Pathogenicity | 31578248 | Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) Neutralizers of TcdB from Clostridium difficile Ribotype 027. | Peng Z, Simeon R, Mitchell SB, Zhang J, Feng H, Chen Z | mSphere | 10.1128/mSphere.00596-19 | 2019 | Animals, *Ankyrin Repeat, Bacterial Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors, Bacterial Toxins/*antagonists & inhibitors, Caco-2 Cells, Chlorocebus aethiops, Clostridioides difficile/*classification, Humans, *Protein Engineering, Ribotyping, Vero Cells | Phylogeny |
| Pathogenicity | 31584822 | Chemical Space Exploration around Thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one Scaffold Led to a Novel Class of Highly Active Clostridium difficile Inhibitors. | Shao X, AbdelKhalek A, Abutaleb NS, Velagapudi UK, Yoganathan S, Seleem MN, Talele TT | J Med Chem | 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01198 | 2019 | Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*chemistry/*pharmacology/toxicity, Caco-2 Cells, Chlorocebus aethiops, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects, Drug Design, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Models, Molecular, Molecular Conformation, Pyrimidines/*chemistry/*pharmacology/toxicity, Stereoisomerism, Structure-Activity Relationship, Vero Cells | |
| 31717334 | Immunogenicity and Protection from Receptor-Binding Domains of Toxins as Potential Vaccine Candidates for Clostridium difficile. | Luo D, Liu X, Xing L, Sun Y, Huang J, Zhang L, Li J, Wang H | Vaccines (Basel) | 10.3390/vaccines7040180 | 2019 | |||
| Pathogenicity | 31940467 | Effect of antibiotic to induce Clostridioides difficile-susceptibility and infectious strain in a mouse model of Clostridioides difficile infection and recurrence. | Castro-Cordova P, Diaz-Yanez F, Munoz-Miralles J, Gil F, Paredes-Sabja D | Anaerobe | 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102149 | 2020 | Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use, Chlorocebus aethiops, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects, Clostridium Infections/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology, Disease Models, Animal, Feces/microbiology, Mice, Recurrence, Treatment Outcome, Vero Cells | |
| Proteome | 33166349 | Impact of subinhibitory concentrations of metronidazole on proteome of Clostridioides difficile strains with different levels of susceptibility. | Doan TH, Yen-Nicolay S, Bernet-Camard MF, Martin-Verstraete I, Pechine S | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0241903 | 2020 | Adaptation, Physiological, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism, Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development, Chromatography, Liquid, Clostridioides difficile/drug effects/*growth & development/metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects, Metronidazole/*pharmacology, Proteomics/*methods, Sigma Factor/metabolism, Tandem Mass Spectrometry | Metabolism |
| Pathogenicity | 33193352 | Infection With Clostridioides difficile Attenuated Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice and Involved Mesenteric Treg and Th2 Polarization. | Schmidt CJ, Wenndorf K, Ebbers M, Volzke J, Muller M, Strubing J, Kriebel K, Kneitz S, Kreikemeyer B, Muller-Hilke B | Front Immunol | 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571049 | 2020 | Animals, Arthritis, Experimental/*immunology, Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*immunology, Cell Differentiation, Clostridioides difficile/*physiology, Clostridium Infections/*immunology, Disease Models, Animal, Disease Resistance, Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, Feces/microbiology, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Humans, Lymphocyte Activation, Mesentery/*immunology, Mice, Mice, Inbred DBA, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology, Th2 Cells/*immunology | |
| Metabolism | 33255261 | Receptor Binding Domains of TcdB from Clostridioides difficile for Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan-4 and Frizzled Proteins Are Functionally Independent and Additive. | Henkel D, Tatge H, Schottelndreier D, Tao L, Dong M, Gerhard R | Toxins (Basel) | 10.3390/toxins12120736 | 2020 | Amino Acid Substitution, Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism/toxicity, Bacterial Toxins/genetics/*metabolism, Cell Line, Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/*metabolism, Clostridioides difficile/genetics/*metabolism, Frizzled Receptors/*metabolism, Gene Knockdown Techniques, HeLa Cells, Humans, Membrane Proteins/*metabolism, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Protein Binding, Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs, Virulence Factors/metabolism | Pathogenicity |
| Metabolism | 33305657 | Detection and elimination of a novel non-toxigenic Clostridioides difficile strain from the microbiota of a mouse colony. | Maslanka JR, Gu CH, Zarin I, Denny JE, Broadaway S, Fett B, Mattei LM, Walk ST, Abt MC | Gut Microbes | 10.1080/19490976.2020.1851999 | 2020 | ADP Ribose Transferases/*genetics/metabolism, Animals, Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/metabolism, Bacterial Toxins/*genetics/metabolism, Clostridioides difficile/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification, Enterotoxins/*genetics/metabolism, Genome, Bacterial/*genetics, Intestine, Large/microbiology, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microbiota/genetics, Virulence/genetics, Whole Genome Sequencing | Genetics |
| Pathogenicity | 33468584 | Murine Intrarectal Instillation of Purified Recombinant Clostridioides difficile Toxins Enables Mechanistic Studies of Pathogenesis. | Markham NO, Bloch SC, Shupe JA, Laubacher EN, Thomas AK, Kroh HK, Childress KO, Peritore-Galve FC, Washington MK, Coffey RJ, Lacy DB | Infect Immun | 10.1128/IAI.00543-20 | 2021 | Animals, Bacterial Proteins/administration & dosage/genetics, Bacterial Toxins/administration & dosage/genetics, Clostridioides difficile/*pathogenicity, Colon, Disease Models, Animal, *Disease Susceptibility, Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/*microbiology, Enterotoxins/*administration & dosage/genetics, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Intestinal Mucosa/pathology, Mice, Mutant Proteins, Recombinant Proteins/*administration & dosage | |
| Pathogenicity | 34597343 | A new phenothiazine derivate is active against Clostridioides difficile and shows low cytotoxicity. | Ronco T, Aragao FM, Saaby L, Christensen JB, Permin A, Williams AR, Thamsborg SM, Olsen RH | PLoS One | 10.1371/journal.pone.0258207 | 2021 | Administration, Oral, Animals, Caco-2 Cells, Clostridioides difficile/*drug effects/pathogenicity, Clostridium Infections/*drug therapy/genetics/microbiology/pathology, Feces/microbiology, Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects/genetics, Humans, Mice, Phenothiazines/*pharmacology, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics | Phylogeny |
| 35625268 | Impact of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Metronidazole on Morphology, Motility, Biofilm Formation and Colonization of Clostridioides difficile. | Doan TH, Bernet-Camard MF, Hoys S, Janoir C, Pechine S | Antibiotics (Basel) | 10.3390/antibiotics11050624 | 2022 | |||
| 35663882 | Akkermansia muciniphila Ameliorates Clostridioides difficile Infection in Mice by Modulating the Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolites. | Wu Z, Xu Q, Gu S, Chen Y, Lv L, Zheng B, Wang Q, Wang K, Wang S, Xia J, Yang L, Bian X, Jiang X, Zheng L, Li L | Front Microbiol | 10.3389/fmicb.2022.841920 | 2022 | |||
| 35904942 | Efficacy of Omadacycline or Vancomycin Combined with Germinants for Preventing Clostridioides difficile Relapse in a Murine Model. | Budi ND, Godfrey JJ, Safdar N, Shukla SK, Rose WE | J Infect Dis | 10.1093/infdis/jiac324 | 2022 | |||
| Metabolism | 36072579 | Role of Pannexin-1-P2X7R signaling on cell death and pro-inflammatory mediator expression induced by Clostridioides difficile toxins in enteric glia. | Loureiro AV, Moura-Neto LI, Martins CS, Silva PIM, Lopes MBS, Leitao RFC, Coelho-Aguiar JM, Moura-Neto V, Warren CA, Costa DVS, Brito GAC | Front Immunol | 10.3389/fimmu.2022.956340 | 2022 | Animals, Annexins, *Bacterial Toxins/metabolism, Caspase 3/metabolism, Cell Death, *Clostridioides difficile, *Connexins/genetics/metabolism, Inflammation Mediators, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, *Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism, Neuroglia/metabolism, Phosphatidylserines, *Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/genetics | Pathogenicity |
| 36439215 | The impact of dietary fibers on Clostridioides difficile infection in a mouse model. | Wu Z, Xu Q, Wang Q, Chen Y, Lv L, Zheng B, Yan R, Jiang H, Shen J, Wang S, Wang K, Xia J, Han S, Li L | Front Cell Infect Microbiol | 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1028267 | 2022 | Mice, Animals, Dietary Fiber, Inulin, *Clostridioides difficile, *Clostridium Infections, Disease Models, Animal, Pectins, Cellulose, *Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous, Cytokines |
Reference
| @id | authors | title | doi/url | catalogue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20215 | Parte, A.C., Sardà Carbasse, J., Meier-Kolthoff, J.P., Reimer, L.C. and Göker, M. | List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ | 10.1099/ijsem.0.004332 | |
| 37003 | Curators of the CIP | https://catalogue-crbip.pasteur.fr/fiche_catalogue.xhtml?crbip=CIP%20109240 | Collection of Institut Pasteur (CIP 109240) | |
| 46967 | Curators of the CCUG | https://www.ccug.se/strain?id=19126 | Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG) (CCUG 19126) | |
| 66792 | Julia Koblitz, Joaquim Sardà, Lorenz Christian Reimer, Boyke Bunk, Jörg Overmann | Automatically annotated for the DiASPora project (Digital Approaches for the Synthesis of Poorly Accessible Biodiversity Information) | https://diaspora-project.de/progress.html#genomes | |
| 68380 | Automatically annotated from API rID32A | |||
| 68382 | Automatically annotated from API zym | |||
| 69480 | Julia Koblitz, Joaquim Sardà, Lorenz Christian Reimer, Boyke Bunk, Jörg Overmann | Predictions based on genome sequence made in the Diaspora project (Digital Approaches for the Synthesis of Poorly Accessible Biodiversity Information) | https://diaspora-project.de/progress.html#genomes | |
| 69481 | Xiao-Yin To, René Mreches, Martin Binder, Alice C. McHardy, Philipp C. Münch | Predictions based on the model GenomeNet Sporulation v. 1 | 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2527258/v1 | |
| 94102 | Reimer, L.C., Lissin, A.,Schober, I., Witte,J.F., Podstawka, A., Lüken, H., Bunk, B.,Overmann, J. | StrainInfo: A central database for resolving microbial strain identifiers | 10.60712/SI-ID41740.1 |